Brain anatomy and development in autism: review of structural MRI studies
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that severely disrupts social and cognitive functions. MRI is the method of choice for in vivo and non-invasively investigating human brain morphology in children and adolescents. The authors reviewed structural MRI studies that investigated structural brain anatomy and development in autistic patients. All original MRI research papers involving autistic patients, published from 1966 to May 2003, were reviewed in order to elucidate brain anatomy and development of autism and rated for completeness using a 12-item check-list. Increased total brain, parieto-temporal lobe, and cerebellar hemisphere volumes were the most replicated abnormalities in autism. Interestingly, recent findings suggested that the size of amygdala, hippocampus, and corpus callosum may also be abnormal. It is conceivable that abnormalities in neural network involving fronto-temporo-parietal cortex, limbic system, and cerebellum may underlie the pathophysiology of autism, and that such changes could result from abnormal brain development during early life. Nonetheless, available MRI studies were often conflicting and could have been limited by methodological issues. Future MRI investigations should include well-characterized groups of autistic and matched healthy individuals, while taking into consideration confounding factors such as IQ, and socioeconomic status.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Structural MRI studies in ASD have reported a wide range of putative biomarkers across independent studies.
“Reviews of structural MRI findings in ASD have found a wide range of putative biomarkers across independent studies 40–42.”
From Subtyping cognitive profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder using a Functional Random Forest algorithm (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
Cites
Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study
Courchesne, E., Karns, C. M., Davis, H. R., Ziccardi, R., Carper, R. A., Tigue, Z. D., Chisum, H. J., Moses, P., Pierce, K., Lord, C., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.2.245 · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
A case-control family history study of autism
Bolton, P., Macdonald, H., Pickles, A., Rios, P., Goode, S., Crowson, M., Bailey, A., & Rutter, M. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism
Courchesne, E., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Hesselink, J. R., & Jernigan, T. L. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198805263182102 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Sparks, B. F., Friedman, S. D., Shaw, D. W., Aylward, E. H., Echelard, D., Artru, A. A., Maravilla, K. R., Giedd, J. N., Munson, J., Dawson, G., et al. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.184 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
Cerebral Lobes in Autism: Early Hyperplasia and Abnormal Age Effects
Carper, R. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1099 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
MRI volumes of amygdala and hippocampus in non–mentally retarded autistic adolescents and adults
Aylward, E., Minshew, N. J., Goldstein, G., Honeycutt, N. A., Augustine, A. M., Yates, K. O., Barta, P. E., & Pearlson, G. D. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.2145 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Impaired Recognition of Social Emotions following Amygdala Damage
Adolphs, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Tranel, D. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807258 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism
Aylward, E., Minshew, N. J., Field, K., Sparks, B. F., & Singh, N. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.175 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
The neuroanatomy of autism: a voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans
Abell, F., Krams, M., Ashburner, J., Passingham, R., Friston, K., Frackowiak, R., Happé, F., Frith, C., & Frith, U. (1999) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199906030-00005 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Convergent neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence of an amygdala hypothesis of autism
Howard, M. A., Cowell, P. E., Boucher, J., Broks, P., Mayes, A. R., Farrant, A., & Roberts, N. P. (2000) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200009110-00020 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Macrocephaly in children and adults with autism
LAINHART, J. E., PIVEN, J., WZOREK, M., LANDA, R., SANTANGELO, S. L., COON, H., & FOLSTEIN, S. E. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199702000-00019 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Haznedar, M. M., Buchsbaum, M. S., Wei, T.-C., Hof, P. R., Cartwright, C., Bienstock, C. A., & Hollander, E. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1994 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
An MRI study of brain size in autism
Piven, J., Arndt, S. V., Bailey, J. N., Havercamp, S. M., Andreasen, N. C., & Palmer, P. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.8.1145 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Development of the brainstem and cerebellum in autistic patients
Hashimoto, T., Tayama, M., Murakawa, K., Yoshimoto, T., Miyazaki, M., Harada, M., & Kuroda, Y. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02178163 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
An MRI study of the basal ganglia in autism
Sears, L. L., Vest, C., Mohamed, S., Bailey, J., Ranson, B. J., & Piven, J. (1999) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00020-2 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Reduced Size of Corpus Callosum in Autism
Egaas, B., Courchesne, E., & Saitoh, O. (1995) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1995.00540320070014 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Regional brain enlargement in autism: a magnetic resonance imaging study.
Piven, J., Arndt, S., Bailey, J., & Andreasen, N. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199604000-00020 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
An MRI study of the corpus callosum in autism
Piven, J., Bailey, J. M., Ranson, B. J., & Arndt, S. V. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.8.1051 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Inverse correlation between frontal lobe and cerebellum sizes in children with autism
Carper, R. A. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.4.836 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Microcephaly and Macrocephaly in Autism
Fombonne, E. J., Rogé, B., Claverie, J., Courty, S., & Fremolle-Kruck, J. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1023036509476 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
The Cerebral Metabolic Landscape in Autism: Intercorrelations of Regional Glucose Utilization
Horwitz, B. (1988) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520310055018 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Neuroimaging in bipolar disorder
Strakowski, S. M., DelBello, M. P., Adler, C. M., Cecil, K. M., & Sax, K. W. (2000) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2000.020302.x · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Courchesne, E., Townsend, J., & Saitoh, O. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.2.214 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Rapin, I., & Katzman, R. (1998) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410430106 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Courchesne, E., Saitoh, O., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Press, G. A., Lincoln, A. J., Haas, R. H., & Schreibman, L. (1994) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273650 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Delayed maturation of the frontal cortex in childhood autism
Zilbovicius, M., Garreau, B., Samson, Y., Rémy, P., Barthélémy, C., Syrota, A., & Lelord, G. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.2.248 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Corpus callosum size in autism
Hardan, A. Y., Minshew, N. J., & Keshavan, M. S. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.7.1033 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationMagnetic resonance imaging in autism: measurement of the cerebellum, pons, and fourth ventricle
Piven, J., Nehme, E., Simon, J., Barta, P. E., Pearlson, G. D., & Folstein, S. E. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90260-7 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Reduced Cerebellar Hemisphere Size and Its Relationship to Vermal Hypoplasia in Autism
Murakami, J. W., Courchesne, E., Press, G. A., Yeung-Courchesne, R., & Hesselink, J. R. (1989) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520420111032 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Parietal lobe abnormalities detected with MR in patients with infantile autism.
Courchesne, E., Press, G. A., & Yeung-Courchesne, R. (1993) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.160.2.8424359 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Subgroups of Children With Autism by Cluster Analysis: A Longitudinal Examination
Stevens, M. C. G., FEIN, D. A., Dunn, M. A., ALLEN, D. A., Waterhouse, L. H., Feinstein, C., & Rapin, I. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200003000-00017 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
An MRI study of autism: The cerebellum revisited
Courchesne, E., Piven, J., Saliba, K., Bailey, J. M., & Arndt, S. V. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.5.1106 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Bailey, A. J., Luthert, P. J., Bolton, P., Couteur, A. L., Rutter, M. L., & Harding, B. N. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91065-t · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Reduced thalamic volume in high-functioning individuals with autism
Tsatsanis, K., Rourke, B. P., Klin, A., Volkmar, F. R., Cicchetti, D. V., & Schultz, R. T. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01530-5 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Abnormal early brain development in autism
Courchesne, E. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001169 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Saitoh, O. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.7.1317 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
An MRI Study of the Corpus Callosum and Cerebellum in Mentally Retarded Autistic Individuals
Manes, F. F., Piven, J., Vrancic, D., Nanclares-Nogués, V., Plebst, C., & STARKSTEIN, S. E. (1999) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.11.4.470 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Hardan, A. Y., Minshew, N. J., Mallikarjuhn, M., & Keshavan, M. S. (2001) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307380101600607 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationSmaller left hemisphere planum temporale in adults with autistic disorder
Rojas, D. C., Bawn, S. D., Benkers, T. L., Reite, M. L., & Rogers, S. J. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00521-9 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
An MRI study of autism: The cerebellum revisited
Piven, J., Saliba, K., Bailey, J. M., & Arndt, S. V. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.49.2.546 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Macrocephaly in autism and other pervasive developmental disorders
Fidler, D. J., Bailey, J. N., & Smalley, S. L. (2000) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162200001365 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Head Circumference Measurements in Children With Autism
Davidovitch, M., Patterson, B., & Gartside, P. (1996) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389601100509 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Posterior Fossa Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Autism
Hardan, A. Y., Minshew, N. J., Harenski, K. A., & Keshavan, M. S. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200106000-00011 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationSaitoh, O., Courchesne, E., Egaas, B., Lincoln, A. J., & Schreibman, L. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.2.317 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Review of Neuroimaging Studies of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders From the Past 10 Years
Hendren, R. L., Backer, I. D., & Pandina, G. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200007000-00010 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Cerebellar Structure in Autism
Gaffney, G. (1987) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460120096044 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Head circumference in autism, Asperger syndrome, and ADHD: a comparative study
Gillberg, C., & de Souza, L. (2002) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162201002110 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cerebellar hypoplasia and frontal lobe cognitive deficits in disorders of early childhood
Ciesielski, K. T. R., Harris, R., Hart, B. L., & Pabst, H. F. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00119-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
No Difference in Hippocampus Volume Detected on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Autistic Individuals
Piven, J., Bailey, J. M., Ranson, B. J., & Arndt, S. V. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026084430649 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterior fossa in autism
Holttum, J. R., Minshew, N. J., Sanders, R. S., & Phillips, N. E. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90189-7 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Midsagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Autism
Gaffney, G., Samuel Kuperman, C., Tsai, L. Y., Minchin, S., & Hassanein, K. M. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.151.6.831 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Kleiman, M. D., Neff, S. R., & Rosman, N. P. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.4.753 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Morphological evidence for brainstem involvement in infantile autism
Gaffney, G., Samuel Kuperman, C., Tsai, L. Y., & Minchin, S. (1988) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(88)90168-0 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Cerebral Blood Flow Abnormalities in Adults with Infantile Autism
George, M. S., Costa, D. C., Kouris, K., RING, H. A., & Ell, P. J. (1992) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199207000-00002 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Head circumference in autism, Asperger syndrome, and ADHD: a comparative study
Gillberg, C., & de Souza, L. (2002) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00814.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterior fossa in autistic adults.
Garber, H., & Ritvo, E. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.2.245 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
MRI neuroimaging of childhood psychiatric disorders: a selective review.
D, S. E. M., & Reiss, A. L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Cerebellar vermis lobules VIII — X in autism
Levitt, J. G., Blanton, R. E., Capetillo-Cunliffe, L., Guthrie, D., Toga, A. W., & McCracken, J. T. (1999) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00021-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Brainstem and Cerebellar Vermis Involvement in Autistic Children
Hashimoto, T., Tayama, M., Miyazaki, M., Murakawa, K., & Kuroda, Y. (1993) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389300800207 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Forebrain Structure in Infantile Autism
Gaffney, G., Samuel Kuperman, C., Tsai, L. Y., & Minchin, S. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198907000-00011 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis in neurogenetic syndromes
Schaefer, G. B., Thompson, J. N., Bodensteiner, J. B., McConnell, J. M., Kimberling, W. J., Gay, C. T., Dutton, W. D., Hutchings, D. C., & Gray, S. B. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390316 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Annotation: MRI Neuroimaging of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders: A Selective Review
D, S. E. M., & Reiss, A. L. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00656 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A magnetic resonance imaging study of autism: normal fourth ventricle size and absence of pathology
Garber, H. J., RITVO, E. R., Chiu, L. C., Griswold, V. J., Kashanian, A., Freeman, B. J., & Oldendorf, W. H. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.4.532 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Autism in search of a home in the brain
Rapin, I. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.5.902 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Elia, M., Ferri, R., Musumeci, S. A., Panerai, S., Bottitta, M., & Scuderi, C. (2000) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307380001500802 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Varied MR appearance of autism: Fifty-three pediatric patients having the full autistic syndrome
Nowell, M. A., Hackney, D. B., Muraki, A. S., & Coleman, M. (1990) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/0730-725x(90)90018-w · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Brainstem involvement in high functioning autistic children
Hashimoto, T., Tayama, M., Miyazaki, M., Murakawa, K., Shimakawa, S., Yoneda, Y., & Kuroda, Y. (2009) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04203.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Absence of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence of Pontine Abnormality in Infantile Autism
Hsu, M., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Courchesne, E., & Press, G. A. (1991) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1991.00530230068024 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Family and molecular data for a fine analysis of age at onset in Huntington disease
Squitieri, F., Sabbadini, G., Mandich, P., Gellera, C., Maria, E. D., Bellone, E., Castellotti, B., Nargi, E., de Grazia, U., Frontali, M., et al. (2000) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20001211)95:4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
New perspectives in autism, part I: The clinical spectrum of autism
Minshew, N. J., & Payton, J. B. (1988) · Current Problems in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/0045-9380(88)90021-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hashimoto, T., Murakawa, K., Miyazaki, M., Tayama, M., & Kuroda, Y. (1992) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12169.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cerebellar Hypoplasia and Autism
(1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198810273191709 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Macrocephaly in autism and other pervasive developmental disorders
Fidler, D. J., Bailey, J. N., & Smalley, S. L. (2000) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00035.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
New perspectives in autism, Part II: The differential diagnosis and neurobiology of autism.
Minshew, N., & Payton, J. (1988) · Current problems in pediatrics · doi:10.1016/0045-9380(88)90017-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Activation of Broca's area by syntactic processing under conditions of concurrent articulation
Caplan, D., Alpert, N., Waters, G., & Olivieri, A. (2000) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(200002)9:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
<i>The Brain's Default Network</i>: <i>Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease</i>
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761 · see citing works
CaV1.2 Calcium Channel Dysfunction Causes a Multisystem Disorder Including Arrhythmia and Autism
Splawski, I., Timothy, K. W., Sharpe, L. M., Decher, N., Kumar, P., Bloise, R., Napolitano, C., Schwartz, P. J., Joseph, R. M., Condouris, K., et al. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.011 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
Evaluating the theory of executive dysfunction in autism
Hill, E. L. (2004) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.01.001 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review
Hart, H., & Rubia, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Anatomical Differences in the Mirror Neuron System and Social Cognition Network in Autism
Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj069 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Stanfield, A. C., McIntosh, A. M., Spencer, M. D., Philip, R., Gaur, S., & Lawrie, S. M. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.006 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
McAlonan, G. M. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh332 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Rose, S., Melnyk, S., Pavliv, O., Bai, S., Nick, T. G., Frye, R. E., & James, S. J. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.61 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Prenatal stress and risk for autism
KINNEY, D., MUNIR, K., CROWLEY, D., & MILLER, A. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.06.004 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Villalobos, M. E., Mizuno, A., Dahl, B. C., Kemmotsu, N., & Müller, R.-A. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.022 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Assessing autism-like behavior in mice: Variations in social interactions among inbred strains
BOLIVAR, V, WALTERS, S., & PHOENIX, J. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.09.007 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Brieber, S., Neufang, S., Bruning, N., Kamp‐Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Fink, G. R., & Konrad, K. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01799.x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
CACNA1H mutations in autism spectrum disorders
Splawski, I., Yoo, D. S., Stotz, S. C., Cherry, A., Clapham, D. E., & Keating, M. T. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m603316200 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Topical Review: Fetal Testosterone and Sex Differences in Typical Social Development and in Autism
Knickmeyer, R. C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2006) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738060210101601 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Partially enhanced thalamocortical functional connectivity in autism
Mizuno, A., Villalobos, M. E., Davies, M. M., Dahl, B. C., & Müller, R.-A. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.064 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Orienting to social stimuli differentiates social cognitive impairment in autism and schizophrenia
Sasson, N., Tsuchiya, N., Hurley, R., Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., Adolphs, R., & Piven, J. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.009 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders
Stigler, K. A., McDonald, B. C., Anand, A., Saykin, A. J., & McDougle, C. J. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.076 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Velo-cardio Facial Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion)
Antshel, K. M., Aneja, A., Strunge, L., Peebles, J., Fremont, W. P., Stallone, K., AbdulSabur, N., Higgins, A. M., Shprintzen, R. J., & Kates, W. R. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0308-6 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Uddin, L. Q., Menon, V., Young, C. B., Ryali, S., Chen, T., Khouzam, A., Minshew, N. J., & Hardan, A. Y. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.014 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationSubtyping cognitive profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder using a Functional Random Forest algorithm
Feczko, E., Balba, N. M., Miranda-Dominguez, O., Cordova, M., Karalunas, S. L., Irwin, L., Demeter, D. V., Hill, A. P., Langhorst, B. H., Grieser Painter, J., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.044 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Anterior cingulate volumes in schizophrenia: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of MRI studies
Baiano, M., David, A., Versace, A., Churchill, R., Balestrieri, M., & Brambilla, P. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.012 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationGene expression changes in children with autism
Gregg, J. P., Lit, L., Baron, C. A., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Walker, W., Davis, R. A., Croen, L. A., Ozonoff, S., Hansen, R., Pessah, I. N., et al. (2008) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.09.003 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Hardan, A. Y., Libove, R. A., Keshavan, M. S., Melhem, N. M., & Minshew, N. J. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.024 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationAberrant immune responses in a mouse with behavioral disorders
Heo, Y., Zhang, Y., Gao, D., Miller, V. M., & Lawrence, D. A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020912 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Wills, S., Cabanlit, M., Bennett, J., Ashwood, P., Amaral, D. G., & Van de Water, J. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.07.007 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Juranek, J., Filipek, P. A., Berenji, G. R., Modahl, C., Osann, K., & Spence, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/7010.2006.00237 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Cerebellum, Language, and Cognition in Autism and Specific Language Impairment
Hodge, S. M., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. N., Caviness, V. S., Howard, J., McGrath, L., Steele, S., Frazier, J. A., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Harris, G. J. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0872-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Ekström, A., Hakenäs‐Plate, L., Samuelsson, L., Tulinius, M., & Wentz, E. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30698 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Postnatal lesion evidence against a primary role for the corpus callosum in mouse sociability
Yang, M., Clarke, A. M., & Crawley, J. N. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06714.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Atypical Lateralization in Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders: What Is the Role of Stress?
Berretz, G., Wolf, O. T., Güntürkün, O., & Ocklenburg, S. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.019 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Libero, L. E., DeRamus, T. P., Deshpande, H. D., & Kana, R. K. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.001 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder is associated with autonomic underarousal
BUJNAKOVA, I., ONDREJKA, I., MESTANIK, M., VISNOVCOVA, Z., MESTANIKOVA, A., HRTANEK, I., FLESKOVA, D., CALKOVSKA, A., & TONHAJZEROVA, I. (2016) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933528 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Understanding autism and related disorders: What has imaging taught us?
Williams, D. L., & Minshew, N. J. (2007) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2007.07.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Fairless, A. H., Dow, H. C., Toledo, M. M., Malkus, K. A., Edelmann, M., Li, H., Talbot, K., Arnold, S. E., Abel, T., & Brodkin, E. S. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.025 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Heterogeneous association between engrailed‐2 and autism in the CPEA network
Brune, C. W., Korvatska, E., Allen‐Brady, K., Cook, E. H., Dawson, G., Devlin, B., Estes, A., Hennelly, M., Hyman, S. L., McMahon, W. M., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30585 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rubini, E., Baijens, I. M. M., Horánszky, A., Schoenmakers, S., Sinclair, K. D., Zana, M., Dinnyés, A., Steegers-Theunissen, R. P. M., & Rousian, M. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12101634 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Brodski‐Guerniero, A., Naumer, M. J., Moliadze, V., Chan, J., Althen, H., Ferreira‐Santos, F., Lizier, J. T., Schlitt, S., Kitzerow, J., Schütz, M., et al. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24072 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brambilla, P., Hardan, A., di Nemi, S. U., Perez, J., Soares, J. C., & Barale, F.
- Affiliations
- Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (IT)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Brambilla, Paolo
- Venue
- Brain Research Bulletin
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 557-569
- ISSN
- 0361-9230 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1973759448
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH001736, MH01736)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, neuroanatomy, brain development, structural MRI, brain structure, brain volume, cerebellum, amygdala, hippocampus, corpus callosum, limbic system, neurodevelopmental disorders
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Brain, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
