Do Faces Capture the Attention of Individuals with Williams Syndrome or Autism? Evidence from Tracking Eye Movements
Open accessAbstract
The neuro-developmental disorders of Williams syndrome (WS) and autism can reveal key components of social cognition. Eye-tracking techniques were applied in two tasks exploring attention to pictures containing faces. Images were (i) scrambled pictures containing faces or (ii) pictures of scenes with embedded faces. Compared to individuals who were developing typically, participants with WS and autism showed atypicalities of gaze behaviour. Individuals with WS showed prolonged face gaze across tasks, relating to the typical WS social phenotype. Participants with autism exhibited reduced face gaze, linking to a lack of interest in socially relevant information. The findings are interpreted in terms of wider issues regarding socio-cognition and attention mechanisms.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Eye-tracking technology has not previously been used in studies of autism in the way that it is used in this study.
“Eye-tracking technology has not previously been used in studies of autism in the way that it is used in this study.”
From Hidden communicative competence: Case study evidence using eye-tracking and video analysis (2012) · cites this paper as Riby and Hancock, 2009
The study description (p. 4) says it used eye tracking to examine face capture in scenes with embedded faces and scrambled pictures, supporting the description of how the technology was used. It does not establish that this use was unprecedented in autism research; the same page describes earlier eye-tracking studies involving participants with autism. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19
(2007) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.52202/085713 · Cited by 16,037 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire
GOODMAN, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015 · Cited by 6,813 · see citing works
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2412 · Cited by 3,670 · see citing works
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001 · Cited by 3,428 · see citing works
(1989) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2,724 · see citing works
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809 · Cited by 2,120 · see citing works
Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism
Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1421 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Visual scanning of faces in autism
Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1016374617369 · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t49458-000 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing.
Loftus, G. R., & Mackworth, N. H. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.4.4.565 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Vagaries of Visual Perception in Autism
Dakin, S. C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.018 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
I. The Neurocognitive Profile of Williams Syndrome: A Complex Pattern of Strengths and Weaknesses
Bellugi, U., Lichtenberger, L., Jones, W., Lai, Z. C., & George, M. S. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900561959 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact
Palermo, R., & Rhodes, G. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.025 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism
Landry, R., & Bryson, S. E. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00304.x · Cited by 545 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…attention switching atypicalites in WS (e.g. Cornish, Scerif, & Karmiloff-Smith, 2007; Scerif, Cornish, Wilding, Driver, & Karmiloff-Smith, 2004; Brown et al., 2003) it is likely that individuals with autism have difficulty with this aspect of visual attention (e.g. Landry & Bryson, 2004).”
BackgroundII. Hypersociability in Williams Syndrome
Jones, W., Bellugi, U., Lai, Z., Chiles, M., Reilly, J., Lincoln, A., & Adolphs, R. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900561968 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Predicting human gaze using low-level saliency combined with face detection
Cerf, M., Harel, J., Wolfgang Einhäuser, A., & Christof Koch, A. (2008) · CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Seeing it differently: visual processing in autism
BEHRMANN, M., THOMAS, C., & HUMPHREYS, K. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.05.001 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
What's in a face? The case of autism
Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. L. (1988) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02745.x · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baird, G., Drew, A., Rees, L., & Wheelwright, S. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963098002595 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Grelotti, D. J., Gauthier, L., & Schultz, R. T. (2002) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.10028 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Viewing it differently: social scene perception in Williams syndrome and autism
Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.003 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citationSwettenham, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baird, G., Drew, A., Rees, L., & Wheelwright, S. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00373 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Changing faces: a detection advantage in the flicker paradigm
Ro, T., Russell, C., & Lavie, N. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00317 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Face processing in children with autism: Effects of stimulus contents and type
Speer, L. L., Cook, A. E., McMahon, W. M., & Clark, E. (2007) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361307076925 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
“Everybody in the world is my friend” hypersociability in young children with Williams syndrome
Doyle, T. F., Bellugi, U., Korenberg, J. R., & Graham, J. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20416 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The application of eye-tracking technology in the study of autism
Boraston, Z., & Blakemore, S. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.133587 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Van Der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., & Van Engeland, H. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00055 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Thomas, M. S. C., Annaz, D., Humphreys, K., Ewing, S., Brace, N. A., Duuren, M. V., Pike, G., Grice, S. J., & Campbell, R. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00322.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Visual saliency and semantic incongruency influence eye movements when inspecting pictures
Underwood, G., & Foulsham, T. (2006) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210500416342 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Faces capture attention: Evidence from inhibition of return
Theeuwes, J., & der Stigchel, S. V. (2006) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280500410949 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
The neuropsychological basis of hypersociability in Williams and Down syndrome
Porter, M. A., Coltheart, M., & Langdon, R. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.006 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Looking at movies and cartoons: eye‐tracking evidence from Williams syndrome and autism
Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. (2008) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01142.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial representation and attention in toddlers with Williams syndrome and Down syndrome
Brown, J. H., Johnson, M. H., Paterson, S., Gilmore, R. O., Longhi, E., & Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00299-3 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Facial expression and selective attention
Vuilleumier, P. (2002) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200205000-00011 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Control of fixation duration in a simple search task
Hooge, I. T. C., & Erkelens, C. J. (1996) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206825 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Visual search in typically developing toddlers and toddlers with Fragile X or Williams syndrome.
Scerif, G., Cornish, K., Wilding, J., Driver, J., & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2004) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00327.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Attention does not modulate neural responses to social stimuli in autism spectrum disorders
Bird, G., Catmur, C., Silani, G., Frith, C., & Uta Frith, A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.037 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Orienting to social stimuli differentiates social cognitive impairment in autism and schizophrenia
Sasson, N., Tsuchiya, N., Hurley, R., Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., Adolphs, R., & Piven, J. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.009 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Burack, J. A. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.3.535 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Gosch, A., & Pankau, R. (1997) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07481.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Tracing syndrome-specific trajectories of attention across the lifespan.
CORNISH, K., SCERIF, G., & KARMILOFFSMITH, A. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70497-0 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Mervis, C. B., Morris, C. A., Klein-Tasman, B. P., Bertrand, J., Kwitny, S., Appelbaum, L. G., & Rice, C. E. (2003) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2003.9651894 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Is everybody always my friend? Perception of approachability in Williams syndrome
Frigerio, E., Burt, D. M., Gagliardi, C., Cioffi, G., Martelli, S., Perrett, D. I., & Borgatti, R. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.008 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Handbook of neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders in children
Goldstein, S., & Reynolds, C. R. (2011) · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Inferences about eye movement control from the perceptual span in reading
Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K., & Balota, D. A. (1986) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208192 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Face Detection: Mapping Human Performance
Lewis, M. B., & Edmonds, A. J. (2003) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5007 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Eye-movement control in visual search: How direct is visual span control?
Jacobs, A. M. (1986) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207583 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Mervis, C. Β., Morris, C. A., Klein-Tasman, B., Bertrand, J., Kwitny, S., Appelbaum, L. G., & Rice, C. E. (2003) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn231&2_11 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Social Cognition: Development, Neuroscience and Autism
Striano, T., & Reid, V. M. (2008) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Attention to eyes and mouth in high-functioning children with autism
Bar-Haim, Y., Shulman, C., Lamy, D., & Reuveni, A. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0046-1 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Face Detection in Peripheral Vision: Do Faces Pop Out?
Brown, V., Huey, D., & Findlay, J. M. (1997) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p261555 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Tager-Flusberg, H. B., Skwerer, D. P., & Joseph, R. M. (2006) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsl035 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Purcell, D. G., & Stewart, A. L. (1986) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330521 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Exploring face perception in disorders of development: Evidence from Williams syndrome and autism
Riby, D. M., Doherty‐Sneddon, G., & Bruce, V. (2008) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1348/174866407x255690 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationSearching for faces in scrambled scenes
Lewis, M. B., & Edmonds, A. J. (2005) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280444000535 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fletcher‐Watson, S., Leekam, S., Findlay, J. M., & Stanton, E. C. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0548-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fletcher‐Watson, S., Leekam, S. R., Turner, M. A., & Moxon, L. (2006) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712606x114057 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Change detection in the flicker paradigm: Do faces have an advantage?
Palermo, R., & Rhodes, G. (2003) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280344000059 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Riby, D. M., Doherty‐Sneddon, G., & Bruce, V. (2007) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800701779206 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationThe other end of the spectrum? Social cognition in Williams syndrome.
Brock, J., Einav, S., & Riby, D. M. (2008) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationHypersociability in Williams syndrome: A role for the amygdala?
Jawaid, A., Schmolck, H., & Schulz, P. E. (2008) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800802243334 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cann, S. A. H., Netten, J. P. V., & Netten, C. V. (2000) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200003)47:3
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 65 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Jones, W., Bellugi, U., Lai, Z., Chiles, M., Reilly, J., Lincoln, A., & Adolph, R. (2000). Hypersociability: The social and affective phenotype of Williams syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 30-46.
- Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1990 ). Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices . Oxford: Oxfords Psychologists Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vision in autism spectrum disorders
Simmons, D. R., Robertson, A. E., McKay, L. S., Toal, E., McAleer, P., & Pollick, F. E. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.005 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from eye tracking studies
Guillon, Q., Hadjikhani, N. K., Baduel, S., & Rogé, B. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.013 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Social attention in ASD: A review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking studies
Chita-Tegmark, M. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.011 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Context modulates attention to social scenes in toddlers with autism
Chawarska, K., Macari, S., & Shic, F. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02538.x · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Speech Disturbs Face Scanning in 6-Month-Old Infants Who Develop Autism Spectrum Disorder
Shic, F., Macari, S., & Chawarska, K. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.009 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Looking at movies and cartoons: eye‐tracking evidence from Williams syndrome and autism
Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. (2008) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01142.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of alexithymia in reduced eye-fixation in autism spectrum conditions
Bird, G., Press, C., & Richardson, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1183-3 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
A review of methods in the study of attention in autism
Ames, C. S., & Fletcher‐Watson, S. (2010) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.12.003 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Maternal immune activation in nonhuman primates alters social attention in juvenile offspring
Machado, C. J., Whitaker, A. M., Smith, S. E. P., Patterson, P. H., & Bauman, M. D. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.035 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Intranasal oxytocin increases covert attention to positive social cues
Domes, G., Sibold, M., Schulze, L., Lischke, A., Herpertz, S. C., & Heinrichs, M. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002565 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Investigating Gaze of Children with ASD in Naturalistic Settings
Noris, B., Nadel, J., Barker, M., Hadjikhani, N. K., & Billard, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044144 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Brewer, R., Happé, F., Cook, R., & Bird, G. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.006 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Jawaid, A., Riby, D. M., Owens, J. W. M., White, S. W., Tarar, T. N., & Schulz, P. E. (2011) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01452.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationIntact imitation of emotional facial actions in autism spectrum conditions
Press, C., Richardson, D. C., & Bird, G. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.012 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Peristeri, E., Baldimtsi, E. N., Ανδρέου, Μ., & Tsimpli, I. M. (2020) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.105999 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Executive neuropsychological functioning in individuals with Williams syndrome
Rhodes, S., Riby, D. M., Park, J., Fraser, E., & Campbell, L. E. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.021 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual attention to faces in children with autism spectrum disorder: are there sex differences?
Harrop, C., Jones, D. R., Zheng, S., Nowell, S. W., Schultz, R. T., & Parish‐Morris, J. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0276-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Multimodal emotion processing in autism spectrum disorders: An event-related potential study
Lerner, M. D., McPartland, J. C., & Morris, J. P. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.08.005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Spontaneous and cued gaze-following in autism and Williams syndrome
Riby, D. M., Hancock, P., Jones, N., & Hanley, M. (2013) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-5-13 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationVabalas, A., & Freeth, M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2546-y · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kleberg, J. L., Högström, J., Nord, M., Bölte, S., Serlachius, E., & Falck‐Ytter, T. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2978-z · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Lyon-Caen, S., Siroux, V., Lepeule, J., Lorimier, P., Hainaut, P. L., Mossuz, P., Quentin, J., Supernant, K., Méary, D., Chaperot, L., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203888 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sensing Technologies for Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening and Intervention
Cabibihan, J., Javed, H., Aldosari, M., Frazier, T. W., & Bashir, H. E. (2016) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17010046 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Eye Gaze in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Neural Evidence for the Eye Avoidance Hypothesis
Stuart, N., Whitehouse, A., Palermo, R., Bothe, E., & Badcock, N. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05443-z · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Wilkinson, K. M., & Mitchell, T. V. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.904435 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Parish‐Morris, J., Chevallier, C., Tonge, N., Letzen, J. E., Pandey, J., & Schultz, R. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00185 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hanley, M., Riby, D. M., McCormack, T., Carty, C., Coyle, L., Crozier, N., Robinson, J., & McPhillips, M. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.03.020 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention to social stimuli and facial identity recognition skills in autism spectrum disorder
Wilson, C., Brock, J., & Palermo, R. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01340.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Wearable inertial mouse for children with physical and cognitive impairments
Raya, R., Roa, J. O., Rocón, E., Ceres, R., & Pons, J. L. (2010) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2010.04.019 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Eye Tracking as a Measure of Receptive Vocabulary in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Brady, N. C., Anderson, C. J., Hahn, L. J., Obermeier, S. M., & Kapa, L. L. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.904923 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Fusiform Face Area is Enlarged in Williams Syndrome
Golarai, G., Hong, S., Haas, B. W., Galaburda, A. M., Mills, D. L., Bellugi, U., Kalanit Grill-spector, A., & Reiss, A. L. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4268-09.2010 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Update on autism: A review of 1300 reports published in 2008
Hughes, J. R. (2009) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.09.023 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Social conformity and autism spectrum disorder: A child-friendly take on a classic study
Yafai, A. F., Verrier, D. B., & Reidy, L. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313508023 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Wilkinson, K. M., & Light, J. (2011) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0098 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Swanson, M. R., & Siller, M. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.05.007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Loth, E., Gómez, J. C., & Happe, F. G. E. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.023 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Crawford, H., Moss, J. F., Oliver, C., Elliott, N. A., Anderson, G. M., & McCleery, J. P. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0084-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Affiliative behavior in Williams syndrome: social perception and real-life social behavior
Järvinen-Pasley, A., Adolphs, R., Yam, A., Hill, K. J., Grichanik, M., Reilly, J., Mills, D., Reiss, A. L., Korenberg, J. R., & Bellugi, U. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.032 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Social orienting and social seeking behaviors in ASD. A meta analytic investigation
Hedger, N., Dubey, I., & Chakrabarti, B. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Attention to Faces in Williams Syndrome
Riby, D. M., Jones, N., Brown, P. H., Robinson, L. J., Langton, S., Bruce, V., & Riby, L. M. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1141-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren with ASD establish joint attention during free-flowing toy play without face looks
Yurkovic‐Harding, J., Lisandrelli, G., Shaffer, R. C., Dominick, K. C., Pedapati, E. V., Erickson, C. A., Yu, C., & Kennedy, D. P. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.044 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Porter, M. A., Shaw, T., & Marsh, P. J. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546801003644486 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dodd, H. F., & Porter, M. A. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546801003737157 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Riddiford, J. A., Enticott, P. G., Lavale, A., & Gurvich, C. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2729 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Obsessive–compulsive symptoms and attentional bias: An eye-tracking methodology
Bradley, M. C., Hanna, D., Wilson, P. C., Scott, G., Quinn, P. C., & Dyer, K. F. W. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.10.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Social Phenotypes of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Williams Syndrome: Similarities and Differences
Asada, K., & Itakura, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00247 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Deficits in volitional oculomotor control align with language status in autism spectrum disorders
Kelly, D. J., Walker, R., & Norbury, C. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01188.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
van der Fluit, F., Gaffrey, M. S., & Klein-Tasman, B. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00197 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Social affiliation motives modulate spontaneous learning in Williams syndrome but not in autism
Vivanti, G., Hocking, D. R., Fanning, P. A. J., & Dissanayake, C. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0101-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Reisinger, D. L., Shaffer, R. C., Horn, P. S., Hong, M. P., Pedapati, E. V., Dominick, K. C., & Erickson, C. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2019.00076 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Wilkinson, K. M., & Light, J. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.904434 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Brief Report: Faces Cause Less Distraction in Autism
Riby, D. M., Brown, P. H., Jones, N., & Hanley, M. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1266-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationApplication of Eye Tracking Technology in Medicine: A Bibliometric Analysis
Zammarchi, G., & Conversano, C. (2021) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision5040056 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dimitriou, D., Leonard, H. C., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Johnson, M. H., & Thomas, M. S. C. (2014) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12141 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Santos, A., Silva, C., Rosset, D. B., & Deruelle, C. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Binelli, C., Subirà, S., Batalla, A., Muñiz, A., Sugranyes, G., Crippa, J. A. S., Farré, M., Pérez‐Jurado, L. A., & Martín‐Santos, R. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.027 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Vivanti, G., Hamner, T., & Lee, N. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0902-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Item and error analysis on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices in Williams Syndrome
Herwegen, J. V., Farran, E. K., & Annaz, D. (2010) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.09.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Coderre, E. (2020) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12446 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Morphological differences in the mirror neuron system in Williams syndrome
Ng, R., Brown, T. T., Erhart, M. J., Järvinen, A. M., Korenberg, J. R., Bellugi, U., & Halgren, E. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1070746 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Freeth, M., Ropar, D., Mitchell, P., Chapman, P., & Loher, S. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1053-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hagen, E. V. D., & Bright, N. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1666 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tracking eye movements proves informative for the study of gaze direction detection in autism
Riby, D. M., & DOHERTY, M. J. (2009) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.02.001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationDesigning AAC Systems for Children with Autism: Evidence from Eye Tracking Research
Gillespie‐Smith, K., & Fletcher‐Watson, S. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.905635 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Overview of Social Cognitive Dysfunctions in Rare Developmental Syndromes With Psychiatric Phenotype
Morel, A., Peyroux, É., Leleu, A., Favre, É., Franck, N., & Demily, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00102 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Current development in wearable glucose meters
Chen, Q., Zhao, Y. J., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.043 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Social approach in pre‐school children with Williams syndrome: the role of the face
Dodd, H. F., Porter, M. A., Peters, G. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01241.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Attention to the face is characterised by a difficult to inhibit first fixation to the eyes
Thompson, S. J., Foulsham, T., Leekam, S., & Jones, C. R. G. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.01.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Developmental Origins of the Face Inversion Effect
Cashon, C. H., & Holt, N. A. (2015) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.11.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lough, E., Hanley, M., Rodgers, J., South, M., Kirk, H., Kennedy, D. P., & Riby, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2536-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial and nonsocial visual prediction errors in autism spectrum disorder
Greene, R. K., Zheng, S., Kinard, J. L., Mosner, M. G., Wiesen, C. A., Kennedy, D. P., & Dichter, G. S. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2090 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Live interaction distinctively shapes social gaze dynamics in rhesus macaques
Monte, O. D., Piva, M., Morris, J. A., & Chang, S. W. C. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00442.2016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Light, J., & McNaughton, D. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.906498 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Binelli, C., Muñiz, A., Subirà, S., Navinés, R., Blanco‐Hinojo, L., Pérez-García, D., Crippa, J. A. S., Farré, M., Jurado, L. A. P., Pujol, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140384 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Martínez‐Castilla, P., Burt, D. M., Borgatti, R., & Gagliardi, C. (2014) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.945408 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Attentional Processing of Faces in ASD: A Dot-Probe Study
Moore, D., Heavey, L., & Reidy, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1449-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Autonomic Responses to Social and Nonsocial Pictures in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Louwerse, A., Tulen, J. H. M., van der Geest, J. N., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves‐Lord, K. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1327 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hosney, R., Talaat, F. M., El-Gendy, E. M., & Saafan, M. M. (2024) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-09966-7 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Colonnese, F., Luzio, F. D., Rosato, A., & Panella, M. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24237792 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gaze aversion during social style interactions in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome
Doherty‐Sneddon, G., Whittle, L., & Riby, D. M. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.09.022 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationCrespi, B. J., & Procyshyn, T. L. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Järvinen‐Pasley, A., Vines, B. W., Hill, K. J., Yam, A., Grichanik, M., Mills, D. L., Reiss, A. L., Korenberg, J. R., & Bellugi, U. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hidden communicative competence: Case study evidence using eye-tracking and video analysis
Grayson, A., Emerson, A., Howard-Jones, P., & O’Neil, L. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361310393260 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
NLP-Based Approach to Detect Autism Spectrum Disorder in Saccadic Eye Movement
Elbattah, M., Guérin, J.-L., Carette, R., Cilia, F., & Dequen, G. (2020) · IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) · doi:10.1109/ssci47803.2020.9308238 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Järvinen, A., Dering, B. R., Neumann, D., Ng, R., Crivelli, D., Grichanik, M., Korenberg, J. R., & Bellugi, U. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00343 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Williams syndrome and its cognitive profile: the importance of eye movements
Herwegen, J. V. (2015) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s63474 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Williams Syndrome Social Phenotype
Thurman, A. J., & Fisher, M. H. (2015) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2015.06.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Using Pupillometry to Assess the Atypical Pupillary Light Reflex and LC-NE System in ASD
Lynch, G. T. F. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8110108 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Animal Paradigms to Assess Cognition with Translation to Humans
Wallace, T. L., Ballard, T. M., & Glavis-Bloom, C. (2015) · Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Skwerer, D. P., Ammerman, E., André, M., Ciciolla, L. M., Fine, A. B., & Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (2011) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-011-9100-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The nature of social preference and interactions in Smith–Magenis syndrome
Wilde, L., Silva, D., & Oliver, C. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Faust, N. T., Chatterjee, A. K., & Christopoulos, G. I. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103884 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Autistic spectrum traits detection and early screening: A machine learning based eye movement study
Lin, Y., Gu, Y., Xu, Y., Hou, S., Ding, R., & Ni, S. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12346 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Järvinen, A. M., Ng, R., Crivelli, D., Neumann, D., Arnold, A. J., Woo‐VonHoogenstyn, N., Lai, P. T., Trauner, D. A., & Bellugi, U. (2015) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21335 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Eye Tracking Methodology for Chemistry Education Research
Havanki, K. L., & VandenPlas, J. R. (2014) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2014-1166.ch011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Face processing and exploration of social signals in Prader-Willi syndrome: a genetic signature
Debladis, J., Valette, M., Strelnikov, K., Mantoulan, C., Thuilleaux, D., Laurier, V., Molinas, C., Barone, P., & Tauber, M. (2019) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-019-1221-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Uljarević, M., Labuschagne, I., Bobin, R., Atkinson, A., & Hocking, D. R. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3631-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Järvinen, A. M., Ng, R., Crivelli, D., Neumann, D., Grichanik, M., Arnold, A. J., Lai, P. T., Trauner, D. A., & Bellugi, U. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2429-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Linking social behaviour and anxiety to attention to emotional faces in Williams syndrome
Kirk, H., Hocking, D. R., Riby, D. M., & Cornish, K. M. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.042 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationLooking and thinking: How individuals with Williams syndrome make judgements about mental states
Hanley, M., Riby, D. M., Caswell, S., Rooney, S., & Back, E. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.026 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. B.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Riby, Deborah M.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2008-09-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 421-431
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2007180076
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 3.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E011780/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Williams syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, face gaze, face attention, social cognition, gaze behavior, eye movements, face perception, social interest, neurodevelopmental disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Child, Eye Movements, Facial Expression, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Social Perception, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Williams Syndrome, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
