The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sleep-dependent motor memory plasticity in the human brain
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates a role for sleep in off-line memory processing, specifically in post-training consolidation. In humans, sleep has been shown to trigger overnight learning on a motor-sequence memory task, while equivalent waking periods produce no such improvement. But while the behavioral characteristics of sleep-dependent motor learning become increasingly well characterized, the underlying neural basis remains unknown. Here we present functional magnetic resonance imaging data demonstrating a change in the representation of a motor memory after a night of sleep. Subjects trained on a motor-skill memory and 12 hours later, after either sleep or wake, were retested during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Following sleep relative to wake, regions of increased activation were expressed in the right primary motor cortex, medial prefrontal lobe, hippocampus and left cerebellum; changes that can support faster motor output and more precise mapping of key-press movements. In contrast, signal decreases were identified in parietal cortices, the left insular cortex, temporal pole and fronto-polar region, reflecting a reduced need for conscious spatial monitoring and a decreased emotional task burden. This evidence of an overnight, systems-level change in the representation of a motor memory holds important implications for acquiring real-life skills and in clinical rehabilitation following brain trauma, such as stroke.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Finally, sleep-dependent changes in brain activity indicative for a reorganization of memory representations have also been reported for procedural tasks like sequences finger tapping and visual texture discrimination (384, 1292, 1293).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1292]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach
Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J. ‐., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020402 · Cited by 9,688
Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning
Kami, A., Meyer, G., Jezzard, P., Adams, M. M., Turner, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377155a0 · Cited by 1,883
Huber, R., Felice Ghilardi, M., Massimini, M., & Tononi, G. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02663 · Cited by 1,854
Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans
AUGUSTINE, J. (1996) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(96)00011-2 · Cited by 1,776
Pascual‐Leone, Á., Nguyet, D., Cohen, L. G., Brasil-Neto, J. P., Cammarota, Á., & Hallett, M. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1037 · Cited by 1,410
Practice with Sleep Makes Perfect
Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Morgan, A., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00746-8 · Cited by 1,307
Self-citationSleep-Dependent Learning and Memory Consolidation
Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.031 · Cited by 1,113 · cited 1×
“A large body of evidence, spanning a wide range of neuroscientific disciplines, now describes evidence of sleepdependent learning in both humans and animals (Walker and Stickgold, 2004), already complemented by cellular and molecular models of sleep-dependent plasticity (Graves et al.”
Self-citationThe role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition
Koechlin, É., Basso, G., Pietrini, P., Panzer, S., & Grafman, J. H. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20178 · Cited by 1,046
Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation
Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Allan Hobson, J., & Stickgold, R. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01930 · Cited by 1,025
Self-citationDependence on REM Sleep of Overnight Improvement of a Perceptual Skill
Karni, A., Tanne, D., Rubenstein, B. S., Askenasy, J. J. M., & Sagi, D. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8036518 · Cited by 1,002
Distinct contribution of the cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar systems to motor skill learning
Doyon, J., Penhune, V. B., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00158-6 · Cited by 885
Competition among multiple memory systems: converging evidence from animal and human brain studies
Poldrack, R. A., & Packard, M. G. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00157-4 · Cited by 880
Three-Dimensional MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum in Proportional Stereotaxic Space
Schmahmann, J. D., Doyon, J., McDonald, D., Holmes, C. J., Lavoie, K., Hurwitz, A. S., Kabani, N. J., Toga, A. W., Evans, A. C., & Petrides, M. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0459 · Cited by 782
Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training
Stickgold, R., James, L., & Hobson, J. A. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/81756 · Cited by 715
Self-citationImaging brain plasticity during motor skill learning
Ungerleider, L. (2002) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.2002.4091 · Cited by 641
An fMRI Study of the Role of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Implicit and Explicit Sequence Learning
Schendan, H. E., Searl, M. M., Melrose, R. J., & Stern, C. E. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00123-5 · Cited by 610
Sleep forms memory for finger skills
Fischer, S., Hallschmid, M., Elsner, A. L., & Born, J. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.182178199 · Cited by 589
Visual Discrimination Task Improvement: A Multi-Step Process Occurring During Sleep
Stickgold, R., Whidbee, D., Schirmer, B., Patel, V., & Hobson, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562075 · Cited by 560
Self-citationEarly sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills
Gais, S., Plihal, W., Wagner, U., & Born, J. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/81881 · Cited by 558
A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation
Walker, M. P. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000026 · Cited by 481
Self-citationConsolidation during sleep of perceptual learning of spoken language
Fenn, K. M., Nusbaum, H. C., & Margoliash, D. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01951 · Cited by 463
Sleep and the Time Course of Motor Skill LearningPreprint
Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Seidman, J., Morgan, A., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. (2003) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.58503 · Cited by 457
Self-citationAwareness Modifies the Skill-Learning Benefits of Sleep
Robertson, E. M., Pascual-Leone, A., & Press, D. Z. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.027 · Cited by 450
The Time Course of Changes during Motor Sequence Learning: A Whole-Brain fMRI Study
Toni, I., Krams, M., Turner, R., & Passingham, R. E. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0349 · Cited by 411
Korman, M., Raz, N., Flash, T., & Karni, A. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2035019100 · Cited by 378
Motor learning in man: a positron emission tomographic study
Seitz, R. J., Roland, P. E., Bohm, C., Greitz, T., & Stone-Elander, S. (1990) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199009000-00016 · Cited by 376
Dissociating the role of the medial and lateral anterior prefrontal cortex in human planning
Koechlin, É., Corrado, G., Pietrini, P., & Grafman, J. H. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.130177397 · Cited by 335
Sleep-dependent learning and motor-skill complexity
Kuriyama, K., Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.76304 · Cited by 334
Self-citationDynamic Cortical and Subcortical Networks in Learning and Delayed Recall of Timed Motor Sequences
Penhune, V. B., & Doyon, J. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-04-01397.2002 · Cited by 244
Ohyama, T., Nores, W. L., Murphy, M. B., & Mauk, M. D. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00054-7 · Cited by 244
Cellular and molecular connections between sleep and synaptic plasticity
Benington, J. H., & Frank, M. G. (2003) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00018-2 · Cited by 244
Sleep and memory: a molecular perspective
Graves, L. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01744-6 · Cited by 216
Impaired motor memory for a pursuit rotor task following Stage 2 sleep loss in college students
SMITH, C., & MACNEILL, C. (1994) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00133.x · Cited by 210
Fowler, M. J., Sullivan, M. J., & Ekstrand, B. R. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.179.4070.302 · Cited by 208
Posttraining Sleep Enhances Automaticity in Perceptual Discrimination
Atienza, M., Cantero, J. L., & Stickgold, R. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904322755557 · Cited by 151
Self-citationFunctional MRI of motor sequence acquisition: effects of learning stage and performance
Müller, R.-A., Kleinhans, N. M., Pierce, K., Kemmotsu, N., & Courchesne, E. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00131-3 · Cited by 123
Sakai, K., Ramnani, N., & Passingham, R. E. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.2035 · Cited by 123
The Functional Anatomy of Sleep-dependent Visual Skill Learning
Walker, M. P., Stickgold, R., Jolesz, F. A., & Yoo, S.-S. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi043 · Cited by 121
Self-citationA failure of sleep-dependent procedural learning in chronic, medicated schizophrenia
Manoach, D. S., Cain, M. S., Vangel, M. G., Khurana, A., GOFF, D. C., & Stickgold, R. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.012 · Cited by 118
Self-citationKoechlin, É., Danek, A., Burnod, Y., & Grafman, J. H. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00742-0 · Cited by 93
How Does the Limbic System Assist Motor Learning? A Limbic Comparator Hypothesis (Part 1 of 2)
Brooks, V. B. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000118670 · Cited by 70
The influence of sleep on auditory learning: a behavioral study
Gaab, N., Paetzold, M., Becker, M., Walker, M. P., & Schlaug, G. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200403220-00032 · Cited by 69
Self-citation(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 68
Poldrack, R. A., & Rodriguez, P. F. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00159-4 · Cited by 38
Worsley (1996) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1996)4:1
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation
Stickgold, R. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04286 · Cited by 1,857
Self-citationAn opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance
Kurzban, R., Duckworth, A., Kable, J. W., & Myers, J. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003196 · Cited by 1,381
Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070307 · Cited by 1,075
Self-citationContributions of the basal ganglia and functionally related brain structures to motor learning
Doyon, J., Bellec, P., Amsel, R., Penhune, V., Monchi, O., Carrier, J., Lehéricy, S., & Benali, H. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.012 · Cited by 783
Metadata
- Authors
- Walker, M. P., Stickgold, R., Alsop, D., Gaab, N., & Schlaug, G.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, M.P.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 911-917
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2067545381
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 8.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH067754, R01MH065292, MH69935, MH-48832, R03MH069935, R01MH048832, MH 65292, MH67754)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 45049, R01NS045049)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, motor memory, motor learning, primary motor cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, medial prefrontal cortex, motor sequence learning, stroke rehabilitation, traumatic brain injury
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Motor Skills, Neuronal Plasticity, Oxygen, Sleep, Wakefulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
