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The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement in preadolescent children
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The effect of an acute bout of moderate treadmill walking on behavioral and neuroelectric indexes of the cognitive control of attention and applied aspects of cognition involved in school-based academic performance were assessed. A within-subjects design included 20 preadolescent participants (age=9.5+/-0.5 years; eight female) to assess exercise-induced changes in performance during a modified flanker task and the Wide Range Achievement Test 3. The resting session consisted of cognitive testing followed by a cardiorespiratory fitness assessment to determine aerobic fitness. The exercise session consisted of 20 min of walking on a motor-driven treadmill at 60% of estimated maximum heart rate followed by cognitive testing once heart rate returned to within 10% of pre-exercise levels. Results indicated an improvement in response accuracy, larger P3 amplitude, and better performance on the academic achievement test following aerobic exercise relative to the resting session. Collectively, these findings indicate that single, acute bouts of moderately-intense aerobic exercise (i.e. walking) may improve the cognitive control of attention in preadolescent children, and further support the use of moderate acute exercise as a contributing factor for increasing attention and academic performance. These data suggest that single bouts of exercise affect specific underlying processes that support cognitive health and may be necessary for effective functioning across the lifespan.
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“the practice of physical activity improves academic performance [7,8,9].”
From Lifestyle Habits Predict Academic Performance in High School Students: The Adolescent Student Academic Performance Longitudinal Study (ASAP) (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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“The effects largely depend on different moderators, such as outcome measure, 40,41,45,49 duration 46 or effects were only found in a subgroup.39,41,44”
From Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
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“the considerable variability in how PA is measured and quantified across studies can often lead to heterogeneity of results and erroneous conclusions (86).”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hillman, C. H., Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., Castelli, D. M., Hall, E. E., & Kramer, A. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Elon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hillman, C.H.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1044-1054
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2667807
- OpenAlex
- W2171211600
- Cited by
- 845
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 20.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG 25667, R01AG025032, R01 AG25302, R01AG025667, R01AG025302, R37AG025667)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD055352, R01 HD060385, R01HD069381)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- acute aerobic exercise, treadmill walking, cognitive control, attention, academic performance, preadolescents, P300 amplitude, flanker task, Wide Range Achievement Test, exercise and cognition, cardiorespiratory fitness
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Attention, Brain, Child, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Exercise, Walking, Event-Related Potentials, P300
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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