Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: a meta-analytical investigation
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytical techniques, the differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition. Overall, exercise demonstrated a small, significant mean effect size (g=0.14, p<0.01) on cognition. Examination of the comparison between speed and accuracy dependent variables showed that speed accounted for most of the effect. For speed, moderate intensity exercise demonstrated a significantly larger mean effect size than those for low and high intensities. For speed of processing during moderate intensity exercise, central executive tasks showed a larger effect size than recall and alertness/attention tasks; and mean effect size for counterbalanced or randomized studies was significantly greater than for studies in which a pre-exercise followed by during or post-exercise protocol was used. There was no significant difference between mean effect sizes when testing took place post-exercise compared to during exercise for speed but accuracy studies demonstrated a significantly larger mean effect size post-exercise. It was concluded that increased arousal during moderate intensity exercise resulted in faster speed of processing. The very limited effect on accuracy may be due to the failure to choose tests which are complex enough to measure exercise-induced changes in accuracy of performance.
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There is an inverted-U effect with MVPA showing the largest effect on cognition, whereas light and vigorous physical activity show smaller effects.
“It has been suggested that there is an inverted-U effect with MVPA showing the largest effect on cognition, whereas light and vigorous physical activity showing smaller effects.69”
From Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [69]
Some findings suggest an inverted-U shaped curve, with moderate-intensity physical activity having a larger effect than light- and vigorous-intensity physical activity.
“Some findings suggest an inverted-U shaped curve, with moderate-intensity PA demonstrating a larger effect than light- and vigorous-intensity PA (66, 68)”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [68]
Reported acute effects were most consistent for executive function, but significant benefits were also found for processing speed, attention, and memory.
“Reported effects were most consistent for domains of executive function (65–68), but significant benefits were also realized for processing speed, attention (although see (27) for a discrepant finding) and memory (65, 66, 68).”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [68]
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Exercise and Decision‐Making in Team Games
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Self-citationThe Release of Immunosuppressive Factor(s) in Young Males Following Exercise
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Activation of Broca's area by syntactic processing under conditions of concurrent articulation
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Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines
ERICKSON, K. I., HILLMAN, C., STILLMAN, C. M., BALLARD, R. M., BLOODGOOD, B., CONROY, D. E., MACKO, R., MARQUEZ, D. X., PETRUZZELLO, S. J., & POWELL, K. E. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001936 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
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Effect of acute hypoxia on cognition: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis
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Adaptive Capacity: An Evolutionary Neuroscience Model Linking Exercise, Cognition, and Brain Health
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Self-citationThe Acute Effect of High-Intensity Exercise on Executive Function: A Meta-Analysis
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Acute effects of breaking up prolonged sitting on fatigue and cognition: a pilot study
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“…functions, ranging from studies of children (e.g., Tomporowski et al. 2008), to young adults (e.g., Lambourne and Tomporowski 2010), geriatric populations (e.g., Kramer and Erickson 2007), and non-clinical (e.g., McMorris and Hale 2012) and clinical populations (e.g., Eggermont et al. 2009).”
BackgroundExercise and Cognitive Function
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Central fatigue theory and endurance exercise: Toward an interoceptive model
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Beyond the Catecholamines Hypothesis for an Acute Exercise–Cognition Interaction
McMorris, T., Turner, A. P., Hale, B. J., & Sproule, J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800778-5.00004-9 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
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McMorris, T. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function and Attention in Adult Patients With ADHD
Mehren, A., Özyurt, J., Lam, A. P., Brandes, M., Müller, H., Thiel, C. M., & Philipsen, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00132 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
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Self-citationSelf-Control and Exercise: A Review of the Bi-Directional Relationship
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A Review of Acute Physical Activity Effects on Brain and Cognition in Children
Hillman, C. H., Logan, N. E., & Shigeta, T. T. (2019) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000101 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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Mehren, A., Reichert, M., Coghill, D., Müller, H. H. O., Braun, N., & Philipsen, A. (2020) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-019-0115-2 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Assessing BDNF as a mediator of the effects of exercise on depression
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Sudo, M., Costello, J. T., McMorris, T., & Ando, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.957677 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationPushing to the limits: The dynamics of cognitive control during exhausting exercise
Schmit, C., Davranche, K., Easthope, C. A., Colson, S. S., Brisswalter, J., & Radel, R. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ferrer-Uris, B., Ramos, M. A., Busquets, A., & Angulo-Kinzler, R. M. (2022) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2022009 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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Intensity-Dependent Effects of Acute Exercise on Executive Function
Mehren, A., Luque, C. D., Brandes, M., Lam, A. P., Thiel, C. M., Philipsen, A., & Özyurt, J. (2019) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2019/8608317 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
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van den Berg, V., Saliasi, E., de Groot, R. H. M., Chinapaw, M. J. M., & Singh, A. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00174 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
van den Berg, V., Saliasi, E., de Groot, R. H. M., Jolles, J., Chinapaw, M. J. M., & Singh, A. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00723 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
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Acute Supramaximal Exercise Increases the Brain Oxygenation in Relation to Cognitive Workload
Bediz, C. Ş., Öniz, A., Güdücü, Ç., Demirci, E. U., Ogut, H., Günay, E., Çetinkaya, C., & Özgören, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00174 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
An Acute Bout of Exercise Improves the Cognitive Performance of Older Adults
Johnson, L. G., Addamo, P. K., Raj, I. S., Borkoles, E., Wyckelsma, V. L., Cyarto, E., & Polman, R. C. J. (2016) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2015-0097 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Where are the limits of the effects of exercise intensity on cognitive control?
Davranche, K., Brisswalter, J., & Radel, R. (2014) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.08.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
McMorris, T., Hale, B. J., Corbett, J., Robertson, K. M., & Hodgson, C. I. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.010 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, J., Zheng, Y., Gao, D., Hu, M., & Yuan, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00999 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Walking and Being Outdoors in Nature Increase Positive Affect and Energy
Fuegen, K., & Breitenbecher, K. H. (2018) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2017.0036 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Does moderate hypoxia alter working memory and executive function during prolonged exercise?
Komiyama, T., Sudo, M., Higaki, Y., Kiyonaga, A., Tanaka, H., & Ando, S. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.057 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise
Cantelon, J. A., & Giles, G. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653158 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Garrett, J., Chak, C., Bullock, T., & Giesbrecht, B. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00124-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Exercise–Cognition Interaction
McMorris, T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800778-5.00022-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive functioning during prolonged exercise: a fatigue-based neurocognitive perspective
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Exercising is good for the brain but exercising outside is potentially better
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- Authors
- McMorris, T., & Hale, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chichester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McMorris, Terry
- Venue
- Brain and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 338-351
- ISSN
- 0278-2626 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2026577667
- Cited by
- 516
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- acute exercise, exercise intensity, cognitive speed, cognitive accuracy, processing speed, central executive function, attention, arousal, exercise and cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cognition, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Problem Solving, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Young Adult
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