Acceptance and commitment therapy for bariatric surgery patients, a pilot RCT
Abstract
Summary Bariatric surgery (BS) is rated as the best evidence based treatment for obesity with regard to weight loss and maintenance of weight loss evaluated to date. Although BS interventions are effective, 20-30% of BS patients start to regain weight within 24 months. Emotional eating is a behavior pattern which has been found to predict poor outcome. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for patients who underwent BS, with regard to emotional eating, body dissatisfaction and quality of life. This study is a randomized controlled trial (n = 39) with two conditions (1) ACT including two face-to-face sessions and support via an Internet application and (2) treatment as usual (TAU) comprising the standard follow-up used by the BS team. Results show that participants in the ACT condition significantly improve on eating disordered behaviors, body dissatisfaction, quality of life and acceptance for weight related thoughts and feelings, as compared to those in the TAU group. This study shows that it is possible to improve effects of BS by specifically targeting emotional eating behavior.:
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Over the years, ACT has been successfully applied in various pathological conditions, including obesity management both in adult and young populations.
“Over the years, ACT has been successfully applied in various pathological conditions, including obesity management both in adult and young populations [20–22].”
A total of 8 studies used a blended ACT program involving both iACT and in-person ACT sessions.
“A total of 8 studies used a blended ACT program involving both iACT and in-person ACT sessions [20-27].”
A randomized study of an internet-based acceptance-based intervention for disordered eating after surgery improved emotional eating after six weeks.
“Similarly, a randomized study of an internet-based acceptance-based intervention targeting disordered eating post-surgery improved emotional eating after six weeks.28”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Control Weight After Bariatric Surgery: Preliminary Results From a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
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Perception of Control Over Eating After Bariatric Surgery for Super-Obesity—a 2-Year Follow-Up Study
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“The objective of treatment is to provide strategies to better cope with uncontrolled and emotional eating [38–40].”
BackgroundBehavioral Interventions to Attenuate Driven Overeating and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery
Ames, G. E., Koball, A. M., & Clark, M. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.934680 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“, food cravings, hunger) is inevitable (91).”
Wright, C., Mutsekwa, R. N., Hamilton, K., Campbell, K. L., & Kelly, J. T. (2021) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2021.07.020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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“, chronic pain [9], type II diabetes [10], weight regain among bariatric surgery patients [11,12] and depression [13]) and associated with better psychological and quality of life scores [6].”
BackgroundFelske, A. N., Williamson, T., Scurrey, S. R. M., Telfer, J., Campbell, T., & Rash, J. A. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-05097-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“, acceptance and commitment therapy; ACT) have proven useful in improving body image dissatisfaction among adults with obesity and postsurgical bariatric patients [58, 59].”
BackgroundDelparte, C. A., Power, H. A., Gelinas, B. L., Oliver, A. M., Hart, R., & Wright, K. D. (2018) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-018-3515-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Weineland, S., Lillis, J., & Dahl, J. (2013) · Obesity Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2012.06.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationRäsänen, P., Muotka, J., & Lappalainen, R. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100343 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, 2014) and one targeting eating disorder behaviors in bariatric surgery patients (Weineland et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAzkhosh, M., Farhoudianm, A., Saadati, H., Shoaee, F., & Lashani, L. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Newman, A. K.-R., Herbozo, S., Russell, A., Eisele, H., Zasadzinski, L., Hassan, C., & Sanchez-Johnsen, L. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00201-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Incomplete outcome data risk of bias was rated low in most of the studies (David et al., 2016; Lent et al., 2019; Wild et al., 2015; Weineland 2012a, b) and rated unclear in one study Chacko et al., (2016).”
BackgroundProposed variations of the stepped-wedge design can be used to accommodate multiple interventions
Lyons, V. H., Li, L., Hughes, J. P., & Rowhani‐Rahbar, A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.04.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Han, A., & Kim, T. H. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39182 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“A total of 7 studies used a blended ACT program, which involved both iACT and in-person sessions [33-40].”
Gopan, H., Rajkumar, E., Gopi, A., & Romate, J. (2023) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12710 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Treatment Options for Poor Responders to Bariatric Surgery
Lee, P. C., Dixon, J. B., Sim, P. Y., & Lim, C. H. (2020) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-020-00381-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Food cravings among bariatric surgery candidates
Crowley, N. M., Madan, A., Wedin, S., Correll, J. A., DeLustro, L., Borckardt, J. J., & Byrne, T. K. (2014) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-013-0095-y · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“One psychotherapeutic approach that may be particularly useful in targeting food preoccupations in bariatric patients before and/or after surgery is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) [15].”
BackgroundKleszcz, B., Dudek, J. E., Białaszek, W., Ostaszewski, P., & Bond, F. W. (2018) · Studia Psychologiczne (Psychological Studies) · doi:10.2478/v1067-010-0178-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions for binge eating: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, J., Tynan, M., Mouangue, A., Martin, C., Manasse, S. M., & Godfrey, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-025-00550-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Weineland and colleagues (Weineland et al., 2012a, 2012b) used the DEBS, formerly called the Subjective Binge Eating Questionnaire for Bariatric Surgery Patients, which is a self-report measure they developed for assessing binge eating behavior in a post-bariatric surgery population that they…”
Wright, C., Barnett, A., Campbell, K. L., Kelly, J. T., & Hamilton, K. (2022) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12728 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Patient perspectives on psychological care after bariatric surgery: A qualitative study
Chan, J. K. Y., King, M., & Vartanian, L. R. (2020) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12399 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Similarly, acceptance and commitment therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing emotional eating and increasing psychological flexibility in patients after bariatric surgery.(5,6) Taken together, the evidence suggests that psychologists can offer tools and strategies to help patients implement behavioural chan…”
BackgroundLessons Learned From Developing a Mobile App to Assist in Patient Recovery After Weight Loss Surgery
Dolan, P. T., Afaneh, C. I., Dakin, G. F., Pomp, A., & Yeo, H. (2019) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.06.063 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“Other areas for implementation are also being considered [15] ACT has been tested in numerous behavioural medicine areas such as pain [16], chronic physical diseases [17] and obesity [18, 19], with data showing preliminary good results.”
BackgroundAzadeh, Y., Jomehri, F., Seyrafi, M., Mujembari, A. K., & Farsani, G. M. (2019) · doi:10.30699/ijhehp.7.2.192 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
ACTonFOOD: opportunities of ACT to address food addiction
Cattivelli, R., Pietrabissa, G., Ceccarini, M., Spatola, C. A. M., Villa, V., Caretti, A., Gatti, A., Manzoni, G. M., & Castelnuovo, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00396 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Recent papers deploy in this direction, showing similar effects to traditional CBT at the end of treatment and better long-term outcomes at follow-up (Weineland et al., 2012; Forman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLamore, K., Kaci, S. S., Czernichow, S., Bretault, M., Bouillot, J., Naudé, A., Gribe-Ouaknine, S., Carette, C., & Flahault, C. (2016) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2498-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lifestyle Modification for the Treatment of Obesity
Sarwer, D. B., Butryn, M. L., Forman, E. M., & Bradley, L. E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1197-4_15 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychological flexibility, occupational burnout and eating behavior among working women
Nevanperä, N., Lappalainen, R. I., Kuosma, E., Hopsu, L., Uitti, J., & Laitinen, J. H. (2013) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2013.34048 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“feelings, and their distress tolerance and psychological flexibility [28,29].”
Woolf‐King, S. E., Sheinfil, A. Z., Babowitch, J. D., Siedle‐Khan, B., Loitsch, A., & Maisto, S. A. (2018) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2018.1539630 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Obesity
Schumacher, L. M., Miller, N. A., Jennings, E. L. M., Chabria, R. S., & Butryn, M. L. (2025) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-025-00634-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“On the whole, results were promising [35, 36].”
Parnell, K. E., Philip, J., Billmeier, S. E., & Trus, T. L. (2022) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-022-09640-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Increased physical fitness [7], improved weight loss [8, 9], and eating habits [8, 10] as well as overall high patient satisfaction [7, 11–15] have also been reported when incorporating telemedicine into the care for bariatric surgery patients.”
BackgroundTettero, O. M., Westerman, M. J., van Stralen, M. M., van den Beuken, M., Monpellier, V. M., Janssen, I. M. C., & Steenhuis, I. H. (2022) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000526259 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Thompson, E. M., Albertella, L., Viskovich, S., Pakenham, K. I., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104595 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Psychological Considerations for Bariatric Surgery
Usubini, A. G., Cattivelli, R., Villa, V., Varallo, G., Granese, V., Pietrabissa, G., Manzoni, G. M., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2020) · Bariatric Surgery - From the Non-surgical Approach to the Post-surgery Individual Care [Working Title] · doi:10.5772/intechopen.94450 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Kauffman, B. Y., Garey, L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.09.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
OBESITY AND COPING STRATEGIES: WHAT IS HIGHLIGHTED BY LITARATURE?
Mensorio›, M. S., & Costa, Á. L. (2016) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/16psd170313 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Body Dissatisfaction: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Boyle, S., Dorfan, N. M., & Sepehry, A. A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70021 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Barley, E. A., Bovell, M., Bennett, K., Lee, J. T., Lee‐Baggley, D., Skene, S. S., Tai, M. Z., Brooks, S., & Scholtz, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282849 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Meneguzzo, P., Tenconi, E., Collantoni, E., Longobardi, G., Zappalà, A., Vindigni, V., Favaro, A., & Pavan, C. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01297-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Puerto, K. L. I., Bruzzi, M., Rives‐Lange, C., Poghosyan, T., Bretault, M., Châtellier, G., Vilfaillot, A., Chevallier, J., Czernichow, S., & Carette, C. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/26077 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Of the completed RCTs, 2 found significant improvements in eating psychopathology using online modules and telephone support [17] and preoperative telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy [23].”
BackgroundWeight Loss After Weight-Loss Surgery: The Mediating Role of Dichotomous Thinking
Marshall, C., Reay, R., & Bowman, A. R. (2024) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-024-07122-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For example, through third-wave psychological therapies such as Accept-ance and Commitment Therapy [27–29].”
A latent class analysis of negative emotional eating in bariatric surgery candidates
Dixit, U., Love, A. A., Henderson, R. R., Ahlich, E. M., He, J., Rigby, A., & Zickgraf, H. F. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.107907 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dudek, J. E., Ostaszewski, P., & Malicki, S. (2017) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Predictores psicológicos de la re-ganancia del peso en pacientes bariátricos
Ugarte, C. A., Quiñones, Á., & Vicente, B. (2019) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082019000300199 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Eating disorder symptoms and corresponding evidence-based treatments: a narrative review
Ortiz, A. M. L., Peters, A. S., Webber, K. T., Butler, R. M., Fitterman-Harris, H. F., & Levinson, C. A. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01485-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Studies have found ACT effective for over-all eating pathology compared to CBT-E [139, 140, 301].”
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in the Satisfaction of Veterans with Spinal Cord Injuries Spouses
Lashani, L., Farhoudian, A., Azkhosh, M., Dolatshahee, B., & Saadati, H. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
de Oliveira, G. S., Maia, R. P., Gamba, P. B. B., Figueiredo, A. C. M. G., & de Carvalho, K. M. B. (2025) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-025-07792-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Taste-Driven Responsiveness to Fat and Sweet Stimuli in Mouse Models of Bariatric Surgery
Dastugue, A., May, C. L., Ledoux, S., Bourgot, C. L., Delaby, P., Bernard, A., & Besnard, P. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10040741 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Almeida, V. P., Kortchmar, E., Guerra, L. S. D., Neto, F. L., Santo, M. A., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-025-08066-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This pattern is consistent with evidence emphasizing the emotional benefits of group-based cognitive approaches [37, 38].”
Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Emotional Eating among Obese Women
Nourian, L., Asghar, A., & Ghorbani, M. (2015) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Evaluation of multiple interventions using a stepped wedge design
Lyons, V. H., Li, L., Hughes, J. P., & Rowhani‐Rahbar, A. (2017) · Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dalrymple, K. L., Walsh, E. K., Rosenstein, L. K., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.055 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“, 2015), psychological flexibility (Weineland et al., 2012), and body image disturbance (Friedman et al.”
BackgroundExamination of the relationship between affect, values, and physical activity among cancer survivors
Clemens, K. S., Tull, M. T., Murray, A. B., Boardley, D., Tipton, J. M., & Geers, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.08.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Contextual Behavioral Approach for Obesity Surgery Patients
Weineland, S. (2012) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Weineland, S., Arvidsson, D., Kakoulidis, T. P., & Dahl, J.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Weineland, Sandra
- Venue
- Obesity Research & Clinical Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e21-e30
- ISSN
- 1871-403X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2092181171
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obesity Research & Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- acceptance and commitment therapy, bariatric surgery, obesity, emotional eating, body dissatisfaction, quality of life, weight regain, online psychological intervention, disordered eating
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