Trait mindfulness is negatively associated with distress related to COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Research suggests that mindfulness is associated with psychological health including a healthier response to stressors.Objective This research tested associations between trait mindfulness and mental health factors related to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19).Methods Two studies (Study 1 N = 248 college students; Study 2 N = 300 U.S adults) assessed trait mindfulness, perceived stress and anxiety, worry about the coronavirus, and anticipated negative affect of a coronavirus diagnosis. Additionally, Study 2 assessed depressive symptoms and coping with the coronavirus.Results In both studies, findings indicated that individuals higher in trait mindfulness reported less stress and anxiety. Higher mindfulness in both studies was also associated with less worry about the virus and anticipating less negative affect if one gets the virus. In Study 2, trait mindfulness was negatively related to depression, and numerous associations between mindfulness and coping emerged, showing higher trait mindfulness was associated with healthier strategies in coping with coronavirus.Conclusions These data are consistent with research that has revealed that those who think and act more mindfully are less stressed and anxious. By revealing these associations with mindfulness in the context of a real-world, novel stressor, this research makes an important contribution to the literature.
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Trait mindfulness was negatively associated with overall psychological distress during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Italian adults and American college students.
“Studies have found that trait mindfulness was negatively associated with overall psychological distress (including depression and anxiety) during the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic (March–April 2020) in Italian adults (Conversano et al., 2020), as well as in American college students (Dillard & Meier, 2021).”
From The association between facets of mindfulness and COVID-19 related distress: A cross-sectional study (2023) · cites this paper as Dillard & Meier, 2021
The General discussion reports that higher trait mindfulness was associated with less distress, and the Method > Procedure places the American college-student study between March 30 and April 15, 2020. However, the Abstract > Methods says depressive symptoms were assessed only in Study 2, which involved U.S. adults rather than the college students. Thus, the depression component is not supported for the population attributed to Dillard and Meier. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn increase in mindfulness is associated with a decrease in negative emotions including anxiety in college students.
“An increase in mindfulness is associated with a decrease in other negative emotions in college students, including anxiety, indicating that high levels of mindfulness among college students can reduce their anxiety [38,39,40].”
From COVID-19 Victimization Experience and College Students’ Mobile Phone Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Future Anxiety and Mindfulness (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
The General discussion reports that, in a study of college students, higher trait mindfulness was associated with less anxiety and fewer negative emotions surrounding COVID-19. This supports the association, but the citing sentence’s further claim that mindfulness can reduce anxiety implies a causal effect that the paper’s observational findings do not establish. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTrait mindfulness was negatively associated with COVID-19 related worries and fear of COVID-19.
“Several of these studies have found that trait mindfulness was negatively associated with COVID-19 related worries (Dillard & Meier, 2021) and fear of COVID-19 (Yalcin et al., 2021).”
From The association between facets of mindfulness and COVID-19 related distress: A cross-sectional study (2023) · cites this paper as Dillard & Meier, 2021
Individuals with high levels of mindfulness were more receptive to the COVID-19 pandemic and experienced less stress and anxiety.
“A study suggested that individuals with high levels of mindfulness were more receptive to the COVID-19 pandemic and experienced less stress and anxiety [38].”
From COVID-19 Victimization Experience and College Students’ Mobile Phone Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Future Anxiety and Mindfulness (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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Mindfulness supports emotional resilience in children during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Development and Validation of the Single-Item Mindfulness Scale (SIMS)
Meier, B. P., Konrath, S., Fetterman, A. K., Dillard, A. J., James, C., Weinstein, E., & Bushman, B. J. (2023) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2152348 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
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“…adults quarantined at home in accordance with government mandates, trait mindfulness was negatively related to anxiety, depression, and stress, and greater mindfulness was related to fewer anxiety symptoms among those who quarantined with a partner (Dailey et al., 2023; Dillard & Meier, 2021).”
Aldbyani, A., & Al‐Abyadh, M. H. A. (2023) · Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal · doi:10.25217/igcj.v6i1.3467 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Stuart‐Edwards, A. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111970 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Team Mindfulness in Online Academic Meetings to Reduce Burnout
Nash, C. (2023) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe14010015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Trait mindfulness, self-efficacy, and coping strategies during COVID-19
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Lam, C. B., Chung, K. K. H., & Chung, K. K. H. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01818-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Getting COVID-19: Anticipated negative emotions are worse than experienced negative emotions
Dillard, A. J., & Meier, B. P. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115723 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Karing, C., & Oeltjen, L. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06770-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Duggan, L., Harvey, J. T., Ford, K., & Mesagno, C. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112638 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Royuela-Colomer, E., Fernández‐González, L., Orue, I., & Calvete, E. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01349-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lorenzini, J. A., Wong‐Parodi, G., & Garfin, D. R. (2023) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2023.2267454 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic Approach to Anxiety Disorders: Common Factors and Integrative Interventions
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“Are We There Yet?”: Mindful Consumption and Tourist Behavior in the Post-COVID World
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Mapping the Field of Mindfulness Research in Management: Trends and Ways Forward
Darshna, A., Parsad, C., Sahay, V. S., & Sanyal, P. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115457 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Palma, E. M. S., de Sousa, A. R., Aguiar, C. V. N., Nilo, N. G., & dos Santos, T. M. (2022) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12606 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The association between facets of mindfulness and COVID-19 related distress: A cross-sectional study
Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., & Duijndam, S. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103826 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…distress are related in a time in which restrictions and the virus were still affecting normal life, but as opposed to previous research on this topic (e.g., Baiano et al., 2020; Belen, 2021; Conversano et al., 2020; Dillard & Meier, 2021), was not influenced by the novelty of the pandemic.”
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Examining the Impact of Mindful Travel on Stress Reduction and Mental Well-Being
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Peran Trait Mindfulness dan Dukungan Sosial terhadap Stres Pengasuhan Ibu dari Anak dengan Autisme
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Pandemic Times for Fitness Professionals and Health and Well-Being Coaches
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اليقظة الذهنية وعلاقتها بالجهد الانفعالي لدى العاملين في مجال الصحة النفسية بجدة
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Tracking Regret and Guilt: The Context of Harm and Trait Mindfulness
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Mindfulness and Eating Disorders: The Mediation Role of Dysmorphic Concerns
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Teachers’ demographics, mindfulness skills, and anxiety predict COVID-19 vaccination status
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Associations Between Trait Mindfulness and Distress in Fertility Patients
Dillard, A. J., Meier, B. P., Williams, T. J., Wolfe, M. B. W., & Thakur, M. (2025) · European Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1027/2512-8442/a000189
Arefin, M. S., Islam, M. R., & Hossen, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness · doi:10.1108/joepp-08-2024-0388
Mindfulness as a mediator between psychological distress and well-being among university students
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Trait mindfulness is negatively related to physical health symptoms over time.
Dillard, A., Frobish, D., Hanna, M., Korol, J., Lappas, C. M., & Meier, B. P. (2026) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2026.2668116
Wilson, J. M., Lee, J., Strough, J., & Shook, N. J. (2026) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2026.2683900
Chung, D., Zhang, Z., & Wang, J. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16111983
- Authors
- Dillard, A. J., & Meier, B. P.
- Affiliations
- Grand Valley State University (US)
- Gettysburg College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dillard, Amanda J.
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 179
- Pages
- 110955
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8062409
- OpenAlex
- W3158287869
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 9.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College (Gettysburg College) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, COVID-19 pandemic, perceived stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, coping strategies, psychological distress, stress response
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