Beginnings of a Good Apoptotic Meal: The Find-Me and Eat-Me Signaling Pathways
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Prompt and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells is necessary to prevent secondary necrosis of dying cells and to avoid immune responses to autoantigens. Recent studies have shed light on how apoptotic cells through soluble "find-me" signals advertise their presence to phagocytes at the earliest stages of cell death. Phagocytes sense the find-me signal gradient, and in turn the presence of dying cells, and migrate to their vicinity. The apoptotic cells also expose specific "eat-me" signals on their surface that are recognized by phagocytes through specific engulfment receptors. This review covers the recent progress in the areas of find-me and eat-me signals and how these relate to prompt and immunologically silent clearance of apoptotic cells.
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Necrotic cell death is accompanied by release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as cytoplasmic heat shock proteins and HMGB-1, which trigger pro-inflammatory signals.
“Necrotic cell death is therefore accompanied by release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as cytoplasmic heat shock proteins (HSP) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1), which trigger pro-inflammatory signals (145).”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [145]
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- Authors
- Ravichandran, K. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ravichandran, Kodi S.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 445-455
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3241945
- OpenAlex
- W2048727571
- Cited by
- 559
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 4.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-064709, R01GM055761, R01GM064709)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- efferocytosis, find-me signals, eat-me signals, phagocyte migration, engulfment receptor, secondary necrosis, self-tolerance, phagocytosis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Phagocytes, Receptors, Cell Surface, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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