Widespread Changes in Synaptic Markers as a Function of Sleep and Wakefulness in Drosophila
Open accessAbstract
Sleep is universal, strictly regulated, and necessary for cognition. Why this is so remains a mystery, although recent work suggests that sleep, memory, and plasticity are linked. However, little is known about how wakefulness and sleep affect synapses. Using Western blots and confocal microscopy in Drosophila , we found that protein levels of key components of central synapses were high after waking and low after sleep. These changes were related to behavioral state rather than time of day and occurred in all major areas of the Drosophila brain. The decrease of synaptic markers during sleep was progressive, and sleep was necessary for their decline. Thus, sleep may be involved in maintaining synaptic homeostasis altered by waking activities.
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The outcome that better "content-relevant sleep" leads to improved performance is supported by previous controlled studies on the role of sleep in memory consolidation.
“The outcome that better “content-relevant sleep” leads to improved performance is supported by previous controlled studies on the role of sleep in memory consolidation.14,15”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The opening passage (indexed as Abstract; page unavailable) says that sleep consolidates memories and that learning involving local brain regions can produce local changes in sleep intensity. But this paper’s controlled Drosophila experiments measured synaptic markers, not whether better content-relevant sleep improved performance. It therefore supports the general sleep–memory link, not the specific performance outcome. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpecific synaptic connections active during awake periods are strengthened during sleep, allowing memory consolidation, and inactive connections are weakened.
“the general understanding is that specific synaptic connections that were active during awake-periods are strengthened during sleep, allowing for the consolidation of memory, and synaptic connections that were inactive are weakened.5,14,15”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable) says sleep consolidates memories and reports a net decrease in synaptic strength during sleep. It does not establish that connections active while awake are strengthened during sleep while inactive connections are selectively weakened; its measurements concern widespread synaptic markers, not those two groups of connections. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSuppressing expression of LTP-related genes in rats by chronic lesion of the noradrenergic system produced a strong reduction in the homeostatic SWA response.
“Suppressing expression of LTP-related genes in rats by chronic lesion of the noradrenergic system produced a strong reduction in the homeostatic SWA response (see, e.g., Refs.205 and 457, for similar results in flies).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [457]
The cited paper reports that synaptic markers in flies increase after waking and decrease after sleep, supporting a broad similarity between sleep and synaptic plasticity. The passages labeled Abstract (page unavailable) do not report suppression of LTP-related genes in flies or a reduced homeostatic SWA response. The rat-lesion result precedes the citation; this source is cited for similar results in flies. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep is thought to play a crucial and specific role in memory consolidation.
“Sleep is thought to play a crucial and specific role in memory consolidation.”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Sleep is an optimization process that is disclosed by the nightly removal of sensory perturbations; the brain can take itself off-line with impunity, so that synaptic plasticity and homoeostasis can reduce the complexity it has accrued during wakefulness.
“The answer that emerges from the above arguments is that sleep is an optimization process that is disclosed by the nightly removal of sensory perturbations; in other words, the brain can take itself off-line with impunity, so that synaptic plasticity and homoeostasis (Gilestro et al., 2009) can reduce the complexity it has accrued during wakefulness.”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Gilestro et al., 2009
Mechanisms of synaptic homeostasis and plasticity to maintain the number of synapses in check, as well as sparse coding, may be direct consequences of a limiting and size-invariant, fixed energy budget per neuron.
“Thus, mechanisms of synaptic homeostasis [62] and plasticity to maintain the number of synapses in check (including the decrease of synaptic markers during sleep [63]), as well as sparse coding, with only a small proportion of neurons firing at high frequencies at any moment [49], [64], [65], may be direct consequences to brain function of a limiting and size-invariant, fixed energy budget per”
From Scaling of Brain Metabolism with a Fixed Energy Budget per Neuron: Implications for Neuronal Activity, Plasticity and Evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Gilestro, G. F., Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tononi, Giulio
- Cirelli, Chiara
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-04-03
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 5923
- Pages
- 109-112
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC2715914
- OpenAlex
- W2015113576
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 18.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD000579)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- sleep, wakefulness, synaptic markers, synaptic homeostasis, Drosophila, behavioral state, memory consolidation, neuroplasticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Clocks, Brain, Circadian Rhythm, Drosophila melanogaster, Female, Homeostasis, Male, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Synapses, Wakefulness, Blotting, Western, Synapsins, Microscopy, Confocal, Models, Animal, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Drosophila Proteins, Qa-SNARE Proteins
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