Acetylcholine and metacognition during sleep
Open accessAbstract
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator involved in a variety of cognitive functions. Additionally, acetylcholine is involved in the regulation of REM sleep: cholinergic neurons in the brainstem and basal forebrain project to and innervate wide areas of the cerebral cortex, and reciprocally interact with other neuromodulatory systems, to produce the sleep-wake cycle and different sleep stages. Consciousness and cognition vary considerably across and within sleep stages, with metacognitive capacity being strikingly reduced even during aesthetically and emotionally rich dream experiences. A notable exception is the phenomenon of lucid dreaming-a rare state whereby waking levels of metacognitive awareness are restored during sleep-resulting in individuals becoming aware of the fact that they are dreaming. The role of neurotransmitters in these fluctuations of consciousness and cognition during sleep is still poorly understood. While recent studies using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors suggest a potential role of acetylcholine in the occurrence of lucid dreaming, the underlying mechanisms by which this effect is produced remains un-modelled and unknown; with the causal link between cholinergic mechanisms and upstream psychological states being complex and elusive. Several theories and approaches targeting the association between acetylcholine and metacognition during wakefulness and sleep are highlighted in this review, moving through microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic levels of analysis to detail this phenomenon at several organisational scales. Several exploratory hypotheses will be developed to guide future research towards fully articulating how metacognition is affected by activity at the acetylcholine receptor.
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These awareness modulations, and in particular the state awareness of the dream, are potentially modulated by the same ratio of acetylcholine over noradrenaline and serotonin that is also shown to tune NREM sleep and other metacognitive processes.
“These awareness modulations, and in particular the state awareness of the dream, are potentially modulated by the same ratio of acetylcholine over noradrenaline and serotonin that is also shown to tune NREM sleep and other metacognitive processes [19,63].”
From How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
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Lucid dreaming and the bimodality of consciousness
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Lucid and non-lucid dreaming: Thinking in networks
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Self-citationUnihemispheric Sleep: An Enigma for Current Models of Sleep-Wake Regulation
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Forebrain mechanisms of dreaming are activated from a variety of sources
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How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them
Deperrois, N., Petrovici, M., Jordan, J., Huber, L., & Senn, W. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.3390/ctn8020021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These awareness modulations, and in particular the state awareness of the dream, are potentially modulated by the same ratio of acetylcholine over noradrenaline and serotonin that is also shown to tune NREM sleep and other metacognitive processes [19,63].”
Background
- Authors
- Gott, J. A., Stücker, S., Kanske, P., Haaker, J., & Dresler, M.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Dresler, Martin
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-01
- Volume
- 117
- Pages
- 103608
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4389256190
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- acetylcholine, metacognition, REM sleep, lucid dreaming, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, cholinergic system, sleep stages, consciousness during sleep, dream awareness, neuromodulation
- MeSH terms
- Metacognition, Acetylcholine, Acetylcholinesterase, Dreams, Humans, Sleep, Wakefulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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