The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 22 of the 79 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews the ways in which mindfulness practices have contributed to cognitive and behavioral treatments for depression and anxiety. Research on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) has increased rapidly in the past decade. The most common include mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. MBIs are effective in reducing anxiety and depression symptom severity in a range of individuals. MBIs consistently outperform non–evidence-based treatments and active control conditions, such as health education, relaxation training, and supportive psychotherapy. MBIs also perform comparably with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The treatment principles of MBIs for anxiety and depression are compatible with standard CBT. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
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Claims the paper makes
21 No full text of the sources · 9 Partly supported · 5 Supported · 5 No basis given · 4 Sources not found · 3 Supported so far · 3 Own interpretation · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Additionally, MBIs have been shown to work via changes in specific aspects of psychopathology, such as cognitive biases, affective dysregulation, and interpersonal effectiveness.17,23,24”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Intro
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Bullis, 2014, The benefits of being mindful: trait mindfulness predicts less stress reactivity to suppression, J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Brown, 2007, Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects, Psychol Inq source
- Partly supportedcites [24] Curtiss, 2017, The conditional process model of mindfulness and emotion regulation: an empirical test, J Affect Disord sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that cognitive emotion-regulation strategies mediated the association between a mindfulness facet and emotional-disorder symptoms. It does not establish that MBIs work through changes in those strategies: the study was cross-sectional and explicitly precludes causal interpretations (Discussion; page numbers not supplied). The supplied passages also do not support cognitive biases or interpersonal effectiveness as mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent reviews of well-designed, randomized controlled trials comparing mindfulness treatments (primarily MBSR and MBCT) to active control conditions indicate that MBIs are effective in treating a broad range of outcomes among diverse populations.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Intro
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Khoury, 2013, Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Eberth, 2012, The effects of mindfulness meditation: a meta-analysis, Mindfulness source
- Partly supportedcites [8] Hofmann, 2010, The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report improvements in anxiety and depressive symptoms across several clinical conditions, and five studies used active-treatment comparators. But the Discussion says most controlled effect-size estimates were unreliable and calls for further randomized controlled trials. The paper therefore does not establish effectiveness across a broad range of outcomes on the basis of well-designed trials against active controls. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Strauss, 2014, Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, PLoS One sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that this meta-analysis of randomized trials found lower primary symptom severity with MBIs overall in people with a current depressive or anxiety disorder. But the Effects as a Function of Control Condition Type section says those effects disappeared against active controls; the results also do not establish benefits across a broad range of outcomes or diverse populations. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Piet, 2011, The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [11] Goyal, 2014, Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Intern Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not available in our copy) report improvements in anxiety, depression, and pain for mindfulness programs compared with nonspecific active controls, with weaker evidence for stress and mental-health-related quality of life. The claim overstates the breadth of effectiveness: the Results found no or insufficient evidence of benefit for several other outcomes, and the Discussion reports no significant advantage over known treatments used as active controls. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“MBIs have demonstrated efficacy in reducing anxiety and depression symptom severity in a broad range of treatment-seeking individuals.”
- Also stated in: § Summary: Efficacy of MBIs for Anxiety and Depression · hedged
“Collectively, these results indicate that MBIs are more effective than non-evidence-based treatments in reducing anxiety and depression symptom severity among a broad range of treatment-seeking individuals.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Khoury, 2013, Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Eberth, 2012, The effects of mindfulness meditation: a meta-analysis, Mindfulness source
- Supportedcites [8] Hofmann, 2010, The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review, J Consult Clin Psychol source
The Results report reductions in both anxiety and depressive symptoms from pre- to post-treatment with mindfulness-based therapy. The Review Methods describe 39 studies involving participants treated for a range of psychiatric and medical conditions, supporting the claim’s broad clinical scope. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Strauss, 2014, Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, PLoS One sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Meta-Analysis Findings; page not available in our copy) report significantly lower depressive symptom severity with MBIs than with controls. The difference in anxiety symptom severity was not statistically significant, so the claim overstates the evidence for reducing both symptoms across treatment-seeking individuals. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Piet, 2011, The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [11] Goyal, 2014, Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Intern Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Findings and Discussion report small improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms across a broad range of clinical conditions. The Study Selection section included people with clinical conditions and stressed populations, but does not establish that participants were treatment-seeking; that qualification is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.82)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Summary: Efficacy of MBIs for Anxiety and Depression · hedged
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition to preventing rates of relapse, MBCT has also demonstrated efficacy in reducing current acute depression symptoms (Hedge’s g = 0.73).9”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBCT
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] Strauss, 2014, Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, PLoS One sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Meta-Analysis Findings; page unavailable) report reduced primary symptom severity in people with a current depressive disorder, with Hedges g = −0.73. But that estimate is for mindfulness-based interventions including MBCT and PBCT, not MBCT alone; the separate MBCT analysis reports g = 0.39 across depressive and anxiety disorders. The source supports the direction of benefit, but not attributing the 0.73 magnitude specifically to MBCT. (LLM, conf=0.91)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Despite these promising findings, the MBCT and control groups did not differ significantly on rates of depression remission, suggesting that the effects of MBCT were not strong enough to impact full disorder remission.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBCT
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [55] Eisendrath, 2016, A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression, Psychother Psychosom source
The Results report that remission rates favored MBCT over the health-enhancement control (22.4% versus 13.9%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = .15). The Discussion reiterates that finding. The citing sentence’s explanation of what the result suggests is an interpretation, not a separate trial finding. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies comparing MBSR to active control conditions have demonstrated that MBIs are superior in reducing anxiety symptoms.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBSR
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [46] Hoge, 2013, Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity, J Clin Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report greater anxiety reductions with MBSR than with an active control on the CGI-S, CGI-I, and BAI, but no significant difference on the primary HAM-A measure. The Discussion describes this as one trial in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, so it does not establish superiority for MBIs generally across studies or populations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In one of these trials, Eisendrath and colleagues55 tested the efficacy of a modified MBCT program for individuals with current treatment-resistant depression. Results showed that MBCT reduced depressive symptoms posttreatment compared to a well-matched active control program (Health Enhancement Program, or HEP).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBCT
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [55] Eisendrath, 2016, A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression, Psychother Psychosom source
The Methods describe an eight-week trial comparing MBCT with the Health-Enhancement Program in adults with treatment-resistant depression. The Results report a significantly greater reduction in depression severity with MBCT than with HEP at the posttreatment endpoint (36.6% versus 25.3%; p=.01). The Introduction describes HEP as a structurally equivalent comparator. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
In the paper
“Despite their predominance in our daily life, mindless states have been demonstrated to be maladaptive.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > What is Mindfulness?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Killingsworth, 2010, A wandering mind is an unhappy mind, Science source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“MBIs consistently outperform non-evidence-based treatments and active control conditions, such as health education, relaxation training, and supportive psychotherapy.”
- Also stated in: § Summary: Efficacy of MBIs for Anxiety and Depression · hedged
“The results indicated that MBIs are more effective in reducing psychological and medical symptom severity than waitlist, psychoeducation, supportive psychotherapy, relaxation training, and imagery or suppression techniques.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Khoury, 2013, Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Summary: Efficacy of MBIs for Anxiety and Depression · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBIs also perform comparably to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).”
- Also stated in: § MBSR · boosted
“The MBSR group demonstrated a pre-post treatment effect size (Cohen’s d) of 1.06, which is comparable to the effect sizes seen in CBT for anxiety.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § MBSR · boosted
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“These outcomes include clinical disorders and symptoms such as anxiety,8,12,13 risk of relapse for depression,14,15 current depressive symptoms,9 stress,16–18 medical and well-being outcomes such as chronic pain,19 quality of life,14,20 and psychological or emotional distress.21,22”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Intro
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hofmann, 2010, The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review, J Consult Clin Psychol source
The Discussion states that the review's findings support mindfulness-based therapy for anxiety and depression in clinical populations. The citing sentence assigns separate citations to relapse risk, stress, chronic pain, quality of life, and distress; those outcomes are not treated as claims supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Green SM, Bieling PJ. Expanding the scope of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: evidence for effectiveness in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample. Cogn Behav Pract. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.02.006. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Hinton, 2013, Acceptance and mindfulness techniques as applied to refugee and ethnic minority populations with PTSD: examples from “culturally adapted CBT”, Cogn Behav Pract source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Kuyken, 2008, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression, J Consult Clin Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Teasdale, 2000, Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, J Consult Clin Psychol source
- Supportedcites [9] Strauss, 2014, Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, PLoS One source
The citation is attached to “current depressive symptoms,” not the sentence’s other outcomes. The Results (Meta-Analysis Findings) report a statistically significant reduction in depressive symptom severity after MBIs compared with controls among people diagnosed with a current depressive or anxiety disorder. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“ACT does not include meditation practices, and rarely uses the term ‘mindfulness’ in its treatment protocol, but the therapeutic strategies of ACT are practically identical to mindfulness skills as described in this review.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT > Mindfulness as a Component of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] Hayes, 1994, Acceptance and commitment therapy: altering the verbal support for experiential avoidance, Behav Anal sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sections on establishing self as context and letting go of the struggle describe observing thoughts and experiencing feelings without trying to change or escape them, supporting a resemblance to mindfulness skills. But the paper does not compare ACT with the skills in the citing review, establish that its strategies are practically identical to them, or substantiate claims about meditation and use of the word ‘mindfulness’ in the full treatment protocol. The Examples of Specific ACT Techniques section says that protocol is a book-length document and offers only a sample of its procedures (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Baer, 2003, Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review, Clin Psychol Sci Pract source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, studies looking at individual moderators of treatment outcomes have found that MBCT may be most effective in preventing relapse among individuals with the greatest risk of relapse. These high-risk individuals include those with four or more previous major depressive episodes (Cohen’s h = 0.88),53 and those who suffered from maltreatment during childhood.53,54”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBCT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Ma, 2004, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects, J Consult Clin Psychol source
- Partly supportedcites [54] Williams, 2014, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing relapse in recurrent depression: a randomized dismantling trial, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report that childhood trauma moderated MBCT’s effect on relapse, with benefit among participants reporting more childhood trauma. The paper also discusses greater benefit in vulnerable patients with three or more prior episodes, but our copy does not support the specific threshold of four or more episodes or Cohen’s h = 0.88. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The MBSR group demonstrated a pre-post treatment effect size (Cohen’s d) of 1.06, which is comparable to the effect sizes seen in CBT for anxiety.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBSR
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [46] Hoge, 2013, Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity, J Clin Psychiatry source
The Discussion reports a pre- to post-treatment Cohen’s d of 1.06 for the MBSR group on the HAM-A and explicitly compares it with effect sizes of 0.73–1.37 in CBT studies. (LLM, conf=0.95)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“These programs have not been examined as thoroughly as the standard 8-week interventions; however, preliminary evidence indicates that these modest interventions can have beneficial effects on a variety of symptoms, including compassion58 and working memory capacity.59”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > Other mindfulness-based treatments
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [58] Lim, 2015, Mindfulness and compassion: an examination of mechanism and scalability, PLoS One source
The Procedure describes a three-week mindfulness program, and the Results report significantly more compassionate helping in that group than in the active control group (37% versus 14%). In the citing sentence, this paper is cited for compassion; working memory capacity has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Mrazek, 2013, Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering, Psychol Sci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These results are supported by select meta-analyses that have demonstrated superiority of MBSR in reducing anxiety and stress relative to heterogenous control conditions.8,47,48 Pre-post treatment effect sizes for these meta-analyses all fall in the moderate-large range (Hedge’s g ranging from 0.24 – 1.54).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBSR
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Hofmann, 2010, The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a moderate pre–post reduction in anxiety for MBSR (Hedges’ g = 0.55) and significant anxiety effects for mindfulness-based therapy against several types of control. But the controlled analyses pool mindfulness-based therapies rather than isolate MBSR, the measured outcomes are anxiety and depression rather than stress, and this paper does not report 0.24–1.54 as its range of pooled pre–post effects. The Discussion also cautions that most controlled-effect estimates were unreliable. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Bohlmeijer, 2010, The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: a meta-analysis, J Psychosom Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Fjorback, 2011, Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Acta Psychiatr Scand source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, as noted by Dimidjian and Segal, 65 the field has been limited by a number of methodological gaps that restrict both the reach and relevance of the conclusions that can be drawn from the current literature.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > Summary: Efficacy of MBIs for Anxiety and Depression
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [65] Dimidjian, 2015, Prospects for a clinical science of mindfulness-based intervention, Am Psychol source
Recommendation 1 identifies gaps in specifying intervention targets and testing mechanisms, while Recommendation 4 explains how poorly matched controls complicate interpretation of findings. Recommendation 7 calls the lack of implementation research a serious gap. Together, these sections support the claim that methodological gaps limit what can be concluded from the mindfulness-based intervention literature and its broader relevance; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Though these technology-delivered interventions are still in their infancy, a recent meta-analysis of 15 RCTs found that, relative to control or waitlist conditions, technology-delivered MBIs had a significant beneficial impact on depression, anxiety, stress, well-being, and mindfulness (Hedge’s g ranging from 0.22 for anxiety to 0.51 for stress).64”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > Other mindfulness-based treatments
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [64] Spijkerman, 2016, Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: a review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Clin Psychol Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Mindfulness-based treatments and traditional (Beckian) CBT share many similar characteristics.45 Both aim to reduce psychopathological suffering, and approach this goal with a combination of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic exercises. Both involve a desensitization of conditioned fear responses, though MBIs approach this effect through sustained attention, while traditional CBT directly focus”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Baer, 2003, Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review, Clin Psychol Sci Pract source
- Partly supportedcites [66] Hofmann, 2008, Cognitive processes during fear acquisition and extinction in animals and humans: implications for exposure therapy of anxiety disorders, Clin Psychol Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Longmore, 2007, Do we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behavior therapy?, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Though these mindfulness interventions are too truncated to expect any long-term effects, studies indicate that they can have immediate effects on psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social stress,60 and perceived pain severity in response to noxious heat stimulation.61”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > Other mindfulness-based treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Creswell, 2014, Brief mindfulness meditation training alters psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social evaluative stress, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Supportedcites [61] Zeidan, 2011, Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation, J Neurosci source
Citation 61 is attached to the noxious-heat pain finding, not the social-stress finding, which has a separate citation. The Methods describe four days of mindfulness training and heat stimulation; the Results report reduced pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings during meditation after training. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a large study using ecological momentary assessment data, 37 it was found that approximately 47% of subjects’ waking hours were spent in a state of mind wandering; furthermore, the authors demonstrated that mind wandering predicts subsequent unhappiness.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > What is Mindfulness?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Killingsworth, 2010, A wandering mind is an unhappy mind, Science source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we will discuss throughout this review, mindfulness targets one such core processes that has demonstrated efficacy in reducing anxiety and depression symptom severity, both as the core treatment ingredient, as well as when integrated into other treatments.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Intro
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite the popularity of these interventions, the evidence base is still not fully established, in part because this literature is oversaturated with cross-sectional studies, waitlist-controlled trials, and other methodological shortcomings that limit the strength of conclusions that can be drawn from these studies.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Intro
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Gu, 2015, How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lastly, both treatments involve relaxation and improvements in self-modulatory efforts,45 though it is unclear whether these effects are attributable to a specific treatment component, or simply engaging in a therapeutic process.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Baer, 2003, Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review, Clin Psychol Sci Pract source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, these retreats are a relatively cost-effective way of delivering intensive and well-controlled doses of a mindfulness intervention, and recent trials have demonstrated promising effects on anxiety, stress, and other measures of psychosocial well-being and health.56,57”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > Other mindfulness-based treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Cohen, 2017, The immediate and long-term effects of an intensive meditation retreat, Mindfulness source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Rosenberg, 2015, Intensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering, Emotion source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Post-treatment effect sizes were largest for psychological outcomes, relative to physical or medical outcomes, with the strongest effects found for anxiety, followed by depression.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > Summary: Efficacy of MBIs for Anxiety and Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Khoury, 2013, Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These beneficial effects remained relatively stable after follow-up periods (ranging from 3 weeks to 3 years, with a median of 28 weeks), though the comparative effect sizes for MBI versus control treatment conditions diminished at follow-up.6”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > Summary: Efficacy of MBIs for Anxiety and Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Khoury, 2013, Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Until recent years, most trials compared MBIs to waitlist controls, which introduce a multitude of confounding factors that limit the strength of conclusions that can be drawn from these trials.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBCT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBSR appears to be a safe and effective treatment for the reduction of emotional dysregulation.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whichever mechanisms truly underlie mindfulness (see below for a review of key mechanisms), mindfulness practices appear to demonstrate therapeutic effects on emotional well-being, and thus continue to capture the interest of myriad clients, practitioners, and researchers.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > What is Mindfulness?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The use of mindfulness in these treatment protocols is markedly different from MBSR and MBCT, in that mindfulness is merely a component of these interventions, whereas it is the core skill taught in mindfulness-based treatments.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Intro
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Gu, 2015, How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies, Clin Psychol Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Chiesa, 2011, Mindfulness-based approaches: are they all the same?, J Clin Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The overarching theoretical premise of MBIs is that, by practicing mindfulness (e.g. through sitting meditation, yoga, or other mindfulness exercises), individuals will become less reactive to unpleasant internal phenomena but more reflective, which in turn will lead to positive psychological outcomes.3,33”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] Segal, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Kabat-Zinn, 1992, Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders, Am J Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Mindfulness and acceptance strategies are consistent with general CBT principles, because they target core processes, such as increased emotional awareness and regulation, cognitive flexibility, and goals-based behaviors.31,32”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Intro
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Hayes SC, Hofmann SG. The third wave of CBT and the rise of process-based care. World Psychiatry, in press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32] Hofmann, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The stronger one’s ability to adopt a mindful state throughout the perpetual ups and downs of life, the less suffering one will experience. This basic premise remains the foundation of mindful practices, as it has for centuries;42”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > What is Mindfulness?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Bodhi, 2011, What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective, Contemporary Buddhism source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we will now discuss, these similarities may perhaps be responsible for the compatibility of mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral treatments.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite these differences, the result of both approaches is ultimately quite similar: By changing one’s perspective on unpleasant thoughts, feelings, or sensations, the individual comes to realize that these internal phenomena are not as dangerous or powerful as previously believed, and the cycle of maladaptive cognitions, emotions, and behaviors gradually weakens.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings suggest that mindfulness is a difficult state to achieve, but is ultimately beneficial.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Overview of Mindfulness Treatments > What is Mindfulness?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Mindfulness skills taught in DBT are similar to those in MBSR, particularly the nonjudgmental observation of internal phenomena; however, the format in which these skills are taught differs considerably.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT > Mindfulness as a Component of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions – including DBT, ACT, MBSR, and MBCT – are examples of the so-called “third-wave” of cognitive-behavioral therapies.70”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT > Summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70] 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The result is a call to redirect clinical practice away from treating medical syndromes and toward focusing on processes and core competencies. Mindfulness-based interventions target one such process.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT > Summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Hayes SC, Hofmann SG. The third wave of CBT and the rise of process-based care. World Psychiatry, in press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32] Hofmann, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Clients may choose which mindfulness exercises they wish to practice and when, which allows all individuals to benefit from mindfulness training regardless of their severity or willingness to meditate.45”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression > Mindfulness in the Context of CBT > Mindfulness as a Component of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Baer, 2003, Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review, Clin Psychol Sci Pract source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lifestyle targeted behavioral interventions in depression have typically shown small-to-medium effect sizes of ~0.3–0.5 [4–16], while the placebo effect of behavioral interventions are even smaller ~0.2 in RCTs [101, 102].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Empirical evidence demonstrates their efficacy for a variety of psychosocial and neurobiological outcomes, including reductions in depression and anxiety, while promoting stress resilience and recovery [2,3,4,5].”
From 10-Week Trajectories of Candidate Psychological Processes Differentially Predict Mental Health Gains from Online Dyadic versus Mindfulness Interventions: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, MBCT has also been shown to effectively relieve anxiety (Chiesa and Serretti, 2011; Hofmann and Gòmez, 2017).”
From The influences of mindfulness on high-stakes mathematics test achievement of middle school students (2023) · cites this paper as Hofmann and Gòmez, 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based intervention is an easy-to-transmit and non-invasive psychological intervention method, which has been proved to have remarkable effect on reducing mental disorders (26).”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health among undergraduate nursing students during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Beijing, China: A randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These include physical activity/exercise, dietary modification, adequate sleep and social interaction, as well as mindfulness-based meditation, all of which have shown treatment efficacy in separate clinical trials of depression [4–16].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recently, asubstantial number of randomised control trials have confirmed the mindfulness-based approaches to be efficacious concerning anxiety disorders (Hofmann & Gómez 2017).”
From Recent findings in the pathogenesis and treatment of fear and anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Hofmann & Gómez 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The exploration of mindfulness in psychotherapy could be attributed to its therapeutic success in individuals with emotional disorders and its ability to minimise the chances of relapsing into depression.13,16”
From Mindfulness-based interventions for psychological wellbeing and quality of life in men with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To close existing gaps in the literature, HOCOS was designed using CBT principles which teaches patients how to challenge automatic thoughts by holding them up to disproving evidence and then change them into different thoughts [86,87].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the severity of depression in a wide range of individuals, with or without the disease [40].”
From Third-wave cognitive behavioral therapies for caregivers of cancer patients: a scoping review. (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The FFMQ is a widely used measure of dispositional mindfulness.38”
From Mindfulness, Anxiety Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Heart Failure. (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“there is compelling evidence for the efficacy of MBPs for other clinical groups (Creswell, 2017), including those with substance use disorders (Bowen et al., 2014), anxiety disorders (Hofmann & Gomez, 2017), and chronic pain (Hilton, Hempel, et al., 2017)”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann & Gomez, 2017
Citations
Cites
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448 · cited 1×
“41 Taken together, these findings suggest that mindfulness is a difficult state to achieve, but is ultimately beneficial.”
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
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Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
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Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
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Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review
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“6,44,45 Studies comparing MBSR to active control conditions have demonstrated that MBIs are superior in reducing anxiety symptoms.”
InfluentialMindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review.
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg015 · Cited by 4,576
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 · Cited by 4,255 · cited 1×
“The MBSR program was initially developed to treat medical patients with chronic pain, 2 but has since been applied to many other populations of medical and psychiatric patients, as well as community members.”
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7 · Cited by 3,958
The effect of mindfulness based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta analytic review
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018555 · Cited by 3,846 · cited 1×
“8,47,48 Pre-post Pre-post treatment effect sizes for these meta-analyses all fall in the moderate-large range (Hedge’s g ranging from 0.24 – 1.54).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe unbearable automaticity of being
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699
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Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects
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Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236 · cited 1×
“15 As its name implies, MBCT combines elements of both mindfulness training and cognitive therapy to reduce the recurrence of depression.”
A wandering mind is an unhappy mind
Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1192439 · Cited by 2,575 · cited 1×
“In a large study using ecological momentary assessment data, 37 it was found that approximately 47% of subjects’ waking hours were spent in a state of mind wandering; furthermore, the authors demonstrated that mind wandering predicts subsequent unhappiness.”
Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., Berger, Z., Sleicher, D., Maron, D. D., Shihab, H. M., et al. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018 · Cited by 2,380
Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M.-A., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005 · Cited by 2,003 · cited 2×
“6 Collectively, these results indicate that MBIs are more effective than non-evidence-based treatments in reducing anxiety and depression symptom severity among a broad range of treatment-seeking individuals.”
Self-citationEffectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders
(1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.7.936 · Cited by 1,941
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“4 These retreats vary greatly in terms of their format and target population, and there is scant research on their short-and long-term effects.”
InfluentialChiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2009) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0495 · Cited by 1,681
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis
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“These high-risk individuals include those with four or more previous major depressive episodes (Cohen’s h = 0.88), 53 and those who suffered from maltreatment during childhood.”
InfluentialMindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse
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“59 It is as yet unclear whether these abbreviated mindfulness interventions can effectively reduce clinical levels of anxiety or depression, though the potential for beneficial effects in a fraction the time warrants further study.”
Spijkerman, M. P. J., Pots, W. T. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009 · Cited by 975
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“43 Across these various groups, MBSR has consistently been found to be tolerable, with high rates of compliance, program completion, and patient satisfaction.”
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“8,47,48 Pre-post Pre-post treatment effect sizes for these meta-analyses all fall in the moderate-large range (Hedge’s g ranging from 0.24 – 1.54).”
InfluentialPiet, J., & Hougaard, E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.002 · Cited by 807
Fjorback, L. O., Arendt, M., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., & Walach, H. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01704.x · Cited by 803 · cited 1×
“8,47,48 Pre-post Pre-post treatment effect sizes for these meta-analyses all fall in the moderate-large range (Hedge’s g ranging from 0.24 – 1.54).”
InfluentialHayes, S. C., Villatte, M., Levin, M., & Hildebrandt, M. (2011) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104449 · Cited by 800 · cited 1×
“69 We will briefly review the two most common therapies (DBT and ACT) and the role mindfulness plays in each.”
The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation: A Meta-Analysis
Eberth, J., & Sedlmeier, P. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0101-x · Cited by 791
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression.
Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Barrett, B., Byng, R., Evans, A., Mullan, E., et al. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013786 · Cited by 770
Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., Carroll, H. A., Harrop, E., Collins, S. E., Lustyk, M. K., et al. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546 · Cited by 701 · cited 1×
“These include mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for depression, 15 mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) for drug addiction, 49 mindfulness-based relationship enhancement (MBRE) to improve relationship functioning, 50 and a mindfulness-based program to foster healthy eating, 51 to…”
Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: New wave or old hat?
Hofmann, S. G., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.003 · Cited by 665
Self-citationBrain Mechanisms Supporting the Modulation of Pain by Mindfulness Meditation
Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., Gordon, N. S., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5791-10.2011 · Cited by 640 · cited 2×
“61 These significant effects after only a few days of mindfulness training are exciting, and future research should explore whether such brief interventions can have similar effects on symptoms of anxiety or depression.”
What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective
Bodhi, B. (2011) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2011.564813 · Cited by 626 · cited 1×
“This basic premise remains the foundation of mindful practices, as it has for centuries; 42 yet when clinical scientists attempt to parse apart the mechanisms of this seemingly simple process, the evidence rapidly becomes messy and ill-defined.”
Mindfulness-based relationship enhancement
Carson, J. W., Carson, K. M., Gil, K. M., & Baucom, D. H. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80028-5 · Cited by 620 · cited 1×
“…mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for depression, 15 mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) for drug addiction, 49 mindfulness-based relationship enhancement (MBRE) to improve relationship functioning, 50 and a mindfulness-based program to foster healthy eating, 51 to name just a few.”
The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process-based care
Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20442 · Cited by 613
Self-citationJust think: The challenges of the disengaged mind
Wilson, T. D., Reinhard, D. A., Westgate, E. C., Gilbert, D. T., Ellerbeck, N. E., Hahn, C., Brown, C. L., & Shaked, A. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1250830 · Cited by 576
Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., Marques, L., Metcalf, C. A., Morris, L. K., Robinaugh, D. J., Worthington, J. J., Pollack, M. H., & Simon, N. M. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.12m08083 · Cited by 511 · cited 1×
“Hoge and colleagues 46 found that MBSR outperformed an active stress-management education program in a group of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.”
Grossman, P., Tiefenthaler-Gilmer, U., Raysz, A., & Kesper, U. (2007) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000101501 · Cited by 505
Do we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behavior therapy?
Longmore, R. J., & Worrell, M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.001 · Cited by 499 · cited 1×
“67 Lastly, both treatments involve relaxation and improvements in self-modulatory efforts, 45 though it is unclear whether these effects are attributable to a specific treatment component, or simply engaging in a therapeutic process.”
Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., Oliver, A., & Pettman, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096110 · Cited by 495 · cited 1×
“9 In one of these trials, Eisendrath and colleagues 55 tested the efficacy of a modified MBCT program for individuals with current treatment-resistant depression.”
Mindfulness‐based stress reduction and cancer: a meta‐analysis
Ledesma, D., & Kumano, H. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1400 · Cited by 491
Mindfulness-based approaches: are they all the same?
Chiesa, A., & Malinowski, P. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20776 · Cited by 454 · cited 1×
“1,28 Despite these distinctions, MBIs are quite compatible with the dominant cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy practiced today.”
Williams, J. M. G., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Brennan, K., Duggan, D. S., Fennell, M. J. V., Hackmann, A., Krusche, A., Muse, K., Von Rohr, I. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035036 · Cited by 420
Hofmann, S. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.009 · Cited by 397 · cited 1×
“66 Another key similarity between traditional CBT and MBIs is the directive to view one’s internal phenomena (thoughts, feelings, sensations) as temporary and without inherent worth or meaning.”
Self-citationMelbourne Academic Mindfulness Interest Group, & Melbourne Academic Mindfulness Interest Group (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01794.x · Cited by 382
Creswell, J. D., Pacilio, L. E., Lindsay, E. K., & Brown, K. W. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.007 · Cited by 376 · cited 2×
“60 These brief and highly controlled interventions typically involve 20-to-30-minute group sessions conducted by a trained meditation instructor, and minimal-to-no required practice outside of the lab.”
The Science of Cognitive Therapy
Hofmann, S. G., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Beck, A. T. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.01.007 · Cited by 366 · cited 1×
“29,30 Mindfulness and acceptance strategies are consistent with general CBT principles, because they target core processes, such as increased emotional awareness and regulation, cognitive flexibility, and goals-based behaviors.”
Self-citationAcceptance and commitment therapy: altering the verbal support for experiential avoidance
Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (1994) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392677 · Cited by 354 · cited 3×
“26,45”
InfluentialA randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention
Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C., Cicconi, F., Griffiths, N., Wyper, A., & Jones, F. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.003 · Cited by 350 · cited 1×
“58,63 Though these technology-delivered interventions are still in their infancy, a recent meta-analysis of 15 RCTs found that, relative to control or waitlist conditions, technology-delivered MBIs had a significant beneficial impact on depression, anxiety, stress, well-being, and mindfulness…”
Godfrin, K. A., & van Heeringen, C. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.006 · Cited by 296
Mindfulness and compassion: an examination of mechanism and scalability
Lim, D., Condon, P., & DeSteno, D. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118221 · Cited by 291
Prospects for a clinical science of mindfulness-based intervention
Dimidjian, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2015) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0039589 · Cited by 291 · cited 2×
“However, as noted by Dimidjian and Segal, 65 the field has been limited by a number of methodological gaps that restrict both the reach and relevance of the conclusions that can be drawn from the current literature.”
Mindfulness and De-Automatization
Kang, Y., Gruber, J., & Gray, J. R. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912451629 · Cited by 286
The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.006 · Cited by 255 · cited 1×
“29,30 Mindfulness and acceptance strategies are consistent with general CBT principles, because they target core processes, such as increased emotional awareness and regulation, cognitive flexibility, and goals-based behaviors.”
Self-citationInternet-based mindfulness treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial
Boettcher, J., Åström, V., Påhlsson, D., Schenström, O., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.11.003 · Cited by 245 · cited 1×
“These interventions vary a great deal in the treatment length, ranging from 8-week programs that closely mimic the MBSR protocol, 62 to 2-or 3-week self-guided interventions with little formal structure.”
Mason, A. E., Epel, E. S., Kristeller, J. L., Moran, P. J., Dallman, M. F., Lustig, R. H., Acree, M. C., Bacchetti, P., Laraia, B. A., Hecht, F. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9692-8 · Cited by 195 · cited 1×
“…mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for depression, 15 mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) for drug addiction, 49 mindfulness-based relationship enhancement (MBRE) to improve relationship functioning, 50 and a mindfulness-based program to foster healthy eating, 51 to name just a few.”
Eisendrath, S. J., Gillung, E., Delucchi, K. L., Segal, Z. V., Nelson, J. C., McInnes, L. A., Mathalon, D. H., & Feldman, M. D. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000442260 · Cited by 187 · cited 1×
“9 In one of these trials, Eisendrath and colleagues 55 tested the efficacy of a modified MBCT program for individuals with current treatment-resistant depression.”
Shahar, B., Britton, W. B., Sbarra, D. A., Figueredo, A. J., & Bootzin, R. R. (2010) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2010.3.4.402 · Cited by 185 · cited 1×
“52 Other than this additional cognitive therapy component, MBCT closely follows the structure of MBSR, including the 8-week group-based format, and the length and type of homework assignments.”
Rational-emotive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy: similarities and differences
Ellis, A. (1980) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01178210 · Cited by 182 · cited 1×
“68 This “cognitive restructuring” process is antithetical to mindfulness principles, which encourage a complete lack of engagement with one’s cognitive and emotional processes.”
Compliance with an outpatient stress reduction program: rates and predictors of program completion
Kabat-Zinn, J., & Chapman-Waldrop, A. (1988) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844934 · Cited by 169 · cited 1×
“6,44,45 Studies comparing MBSR to active control conditions have demonstrated that MBIs are superior in reducing anxiety symptoms.”
An idiographic analysis of change processes in the unified transdiagnostic treatment of depression
Boswell, J. F., Anderson, L. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037403 · Cited by 138 · cited 1×
“27 The use of mindfulness in these treatment protocols is markedly different from MBSR and MBCT, in that mindfulness is merely a component of these interventions, whereas it is the core skill taught in mindfulness-based treatments.”
Hinton, D. E., Pich, V., Hofmann, S. G., & Otto, M. W. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.09.001 · Cited by 105
Self-citationThe benefits of being mindful: Trait mindfulness predicts less stress reactivity to suppression
Bullis, J. R., Bøe, H. J., Asnaani, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.006 · Cited by 99
Self-citationIntensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering
Rosenberg, E. L., Zanesco, A. P., King, B. G., Aichele, S. R., Jacobs, T. L., Bridwell, D. A., MacLean, K. A., Shaver, P. R., Ferrer, E., Sahdra, B. K., et al. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000080 · Cited by 70
The conditional process model of mindfulness and emotion regulation: An empirical test
Curtiss, J., Klemanski, D. H., Andrews, L., Ito, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.027 · Cited by 52
Self-citationThe Effects of Mindfulness Training on Emotional Health in Chinese Long-Term Male Prison Inmates
Xu, W., Jia, K., Liu, X., & Hofmann, S. G. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0540-x · Cited by 39
Self-citationGreen, S. M., & Bieling, P. J. (2012) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.02.006 · Cited by 37
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of an Intensive Meditation Retreat
Cohen, J. N., Jensen, D., Stange, J. P., Neuburger, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0682-5 · Cited by 23
Hassed, C. S., Gullone, E., McNab, C., & Meadows, G. N. (2006) · Cited by 22
Linehan, P. (1993) · History and the Historians of Medieval Spain · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219453.003.0003
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hayes SC, Hofmann SG. The third wave of CBT and the rise of process-based care. World Psychiatry, in press.
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Putting the “mental” back in “mental disorders”: a perspective from research on fear and anxiety
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Self-citationMarx, W., Manger, S., Blencowe, M., Murray, G., Ho, F. Y., Lawn, S., Blumenthal, J. A., Schuch, F. B., Stubbs, B., Ruusunen, A. A., et al. (2022) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2022.2112074 · Cited by 200
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., & Gómez, A. F.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- ORCID
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 739-749
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5679245
- OpenAlex
- W2754358908
- Cited by
- 756
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OpenBU (Boston University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT007257)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, anxiety, depression, cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment efficacy, symptom severity, relaxation training, supportive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Mindfulness
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