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Cited by 52Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

The conditional process model of mindfulness and emotion regulation: An empirical test

Open access
Curtiss, Joshua, Klemanski, David H., Andrews, Leigh, Ito, Masaya, Hofmann, Stefan G.·2017·Journal of Affective Disorders
DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.027PMC PMC5340204
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Abstract

Background The conditional process model (CPM) of mindfulness and emotion regulation posits that specific mediators and moderators link these constructs to mental health outcomes. The current study empirically examined the central tenets of the CPM, which posit that nonreactivity moderates the indirect effect of observation on symptoms of emotional disorders through cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Methods A clinical sample (n=1667) of individuals from Japan completed a battery of self-report instruments. Several path analyses were conducted to determine whether cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate the relationship between observation and symptoms of individual emotional disorders, and to determine whether nonreactivity moderated these indirect effects. Results Results provided support the CPM. Specifically, nonreactivity moderated the indirect effect of observation on symptoms through reappraisal, but it did not moderate the indirect effect of observation on symptoms through suppression. Limitations Causal interpretations are limited, and cultural considerations must be acknowledged given the Japanese sample Conclusions These results underscore the potential importance of nonreactivity and emotion regulation as targets for interventions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.027

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 27 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    None of the direct effects of observation on symptom domains were statistically significant.

    “none of the direct effects of observation on symptom domains were statistically significant.”
    • Also stated in: § 3.3. Results of Conditional Model · plain
      “none of the direct effects of observation on symptom domains were statistically significant”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.
  • Findingown data

    Observation was positively associated with all symptom measures.

    “observation was positively associated with all symptom measures”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.
  • Findingown data

    The indirect effect of observation on each symptom domain through reappraisal becomes stronger and positive as nonreactivity diminishes.

    “the indirect effect on each symptom domain becomes stronger and positive as nonreactivity diminishes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.
  • Findingown data

    Reappraisal predicted fewer symptoms of each disorder.

    “reappraisal predicted less symptoms of each disorder (hypothesis 1a)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.
  • Findingown data

    In the alternative mediation model, none of the indirect effects differed significantly from zero.

    “Results of the alternative mediation model indicate that none of the indirect effects were significantly different from zero (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.
  • May combine two claims. 15
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
  • Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reactive observation of negative experiences can promote heightened symptoms, whereas nonreactive observation of emotions may facilitate adaptive emotion regulation.

    “Whereas reactive observation of negative experiences can promote heightened symptoms (e.g., interoceptive awareness exacerbating panic disorder symptoms; Dunn et al., 2010), nonreactive observation of emotions may facilitate adaptive emotion regulation (Garland et al., 2015; Sauer & Baer, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dunn et al., 2010 source

      The introductory passage (labelled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) says heightened awareness of bodily arousal, together with misattributing its source, is believed to contribute to the maintenance of panic disorder. That supports the proposed link between bodily awareness and panic, but not the stronger example that interoceptive awareness exacerbates panic symptoms; the paper does not establish symptom worsening. The nonreactive-observation clause is attributed to other citations, not Dunn et al. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Garland et al., 2015 source
    • cites Sauer & Baer, 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The reliability and validity of the Japanese OCI have been demonstrated in both clinical and nonclinical samples.

    “The reliability and validity of the Japanese has been demonstrated in both clinical and nonclinical samples (Ishikawa, Kobori, & Shimizu, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ishikawa, Kobori, & Shimizu, 2014 source

  • Borderline on S1 (asserted), S4 (based): unclear from the text.

    Findingnone given

    All indirect effects in the process model were statistically significant.

    “All of the indirect effects were statistically significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Increases in observation were associated with higher levels of both reappraisal and suppression.

    “increases in observation were associated with higher levels of both reappraisal and suppression.”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
      “increases in observation were associated with higher levels of both reappraisal and suppression”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
      “observation was positively associated with reappraisal and suppression”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anxiety and depression symptoms prospectively predict emotion regulation use, and emotion regulation strategies prospectively predict mindfulness.

    “literature suggesting that anxiety and depression symptoms prospectively predict emotion regulation use and that emotion regulation strategies prospectively predict mindfulness (Garland et al., 2016; Calvete, Orue, & Hankin, 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Garland et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Calvete, Orue, & Hankin, 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Mindfulness experience was not assessed, which may prevent generalization of the CPM to individuals who regularly engage in meditation and mind-body practices.

    “mindfulness experience was not assessed, which may prevent generalization of the CPM to individuals who regularly engage in meditation and mind-body practices”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    In the current sample, the PHQ-9 showed excellent reliability (α = 0.93).

    “Reliability was excellent in the current sample (α = 0.93).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Observation predicts both decreases and increases in symptoms of emotional disorders.

    “divergent results indicate that it predicts both decreases and increases in symptoms of emotional disorders (Curtiss & Klemanski, 2014a; Neale-Lorello & Haga, 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Curtiss & Klemanski, 2014a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Neale-Lorello & Haga, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the current sample, the reappraisal and suppression subscales of the ERQ showed good reliability (α = 0.81 and 0.76, respectively).

    “In the current sample, good reliability was obtained for both the reappraisal (α = 0.81) and suppression (α = 0.76) subscales.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Habitual use of suppression was related to negative emotional experiences among individuals with European values, whereas these relationships were reversed among those with Asian values.

    “Butler et al. (2007) demonstrated that the habitual use of suppression was related to negative emotional experiences among individuals with European values, whereas these relationships were reversed among those with Asian values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Butler et al., 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Observation of unwanted emotions often elicits more regulatory attempts using both adaptive and maladaptive strategies.

    “Research has demonstrated that observation of unwanted emotions often elicits more regulatory attempts using both adaptive and maladaptive strategies (Gruber, Harvey, & Gross, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gruber, Harvey, & Gross, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the current sample, the FNE showed excellent reliability (α = 0.93).

    “Reliability was excellent in the current sample (α = 0.93).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    In the current sample, the observation and nonreaction subscales of the FFMQ showed good reliability (α = 0.82 and 0.79, respectively).

    “In the current sample, good reliability was obtained for both the observation (α = 0.82) and nonreaction (α = 0.79) subscales.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Interpretation of the results requires consideration of cultural factors involving the Japanese sample.

    “interpretation of the results requires consideration of cultural factors involving the Japanese sample”
    • Also stated in: § Limitations · plain
      “cultural considerations must be acknowledged given the Japanese sample”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nonreactivity moderated the indirect effect of observation on depression through rumination and reappraisal, and on anxiety through worry and rumination.

    “nonreactivity moderated the indirect effect of observation on depression through rumination and reappraisal, whereas it moderated the indirect effect of observation on anxiety through worry and rumination”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Desrosiers et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Suppression paradoxically results in emotions of greater intensity and is characterized by inordinate inflexibility.

    “Because suppression paradoxically results in emotions of greater intensity and is characterized by inordinate inflexibility (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006; Gross & John, 2003)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006 source
    • cites Gross & John, 2003 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Individuals with lower nonreactivity used reappraisal less after observing their emotions, which predicted poorer health outcomes across each disorder.

    “individuals with lower levels of nonreactivity used reappraisal less after observing their emotions, which predicted poorer health outcomes across each disorder”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Nonreactivity contributes to the expression of emotional disorders.

    “prior research indicating that nonreactivity contributes to the expression of emotional disorders (Curtiss & Klemanski, 2014b)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Curtiss & Klemanski, 2014b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals from European cultures tend to use suppression rigidly, whereas individuals from Asian cultures are more sensitive to social context and environmental demands, which enables them to use suppression more flexibly.

    “individuals from European cultures tend to use suppression rigidly, whereas individuals from Asian cultures are more sensitive to social context and environmental demands, which enables them to use suppression more flexibly (Butler et al., 2007; Morling, Kitayama, & Miyamoto, 2002)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Butler et al., 2007 source
    • cites Morling, Kitayama, & Miyamoto, 2002 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the current sample, the OCI showed excellent reliability (α = 0.93).

    “Reliability was excellent in the current sample (α = 0.93).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A prior study found that observation was associated with high reappraisal and lower rumination and worry among individuals with higher nonreactivity.

    “Findings from Desrosiers and colleagues (2014) indicated that observation was associated with high levels of reappraisal and lower levels of rumination and worry among individuals with higher levels of nonreactivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Desrosiers et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The effects of suppression differ across Asian and European cultures.

    “Research suggests that the effects of suppression differ across Asian and European cultures (Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Individuals tend to respond to disgust-eliciting stimuli by deploying multiple emotion regulation strategies regardless of each strategy's adaptive utility.

    “A study by Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2013) revealed that individuals tended to respond to disgust eliciting stimuli by deploying multiple emotion regulation strategies regardless of each strategy’s adaptive utility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2013) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    In the current sample, the GAD-7 showed excellent reliability (α = 0.93).

    “Reliability was excellent in the current sample (α = 0.93).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Japanese version of the FNE demonstrated good reliability.

    “The Japanese version demonstrated good reliability (Sasagawa et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sasagawa et al., 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The FFMQ was validated in a Japanese sample and exhibited good psychometric properties.

    “The FFMQ was also validated in a Japanese sample and exhibited good psychometric properties (Sugiura, Sato, Ito, & Murakami, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sugiura, Sato, Ito, & Murakami, 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The PHQ-9 has been validated as a measure of depression among clinical and general populations, and the Japanese version has demonstrated good psychometric properties in terms of reliability.

    “The PHQ-9, widely used in clinical settings, has been validated as a measure of depression among clinical and general populations (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002), and the Japanese version has demonstrated good psychometric properties in terms of reliability (Muramatsu et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002 source
    • cites Muramatsu et al., 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The GAD-7 has good reliability and construct criterion validity for clinical populations and has been validated in a Japanese sample.

    “Reliability and construct criterion validity have been reported to be good for clinical populations (Spitzer et al., 2006). The GAD-7 was also validated in a Japanese sample (Muramatsu et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Spitzer et al., 2006 source
    • cites Muramatsu et al., 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The ERQ's reliability and validity have been widely demonstrated, and the Japanese version exhibited good reliability and validity.

    “Its reliability and validity have been widely demonstrated (Gross & John, 2003). The Japanese version exhibited good reliability and validity (Yoshizu, Sekiguchi, & Amemiya, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gross & John, 2003 source
    • cites Yoshizu, Sekiguchi, & Amemiya, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

29 of 29

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported diagnoses accurately identify individuals with the specified emotional disorders.

    “diagnoses for the current sample were obtained through self-report as to whether an individual received certain psychiatric diagnoses.”
    “Disease panelists are defined by the monitor's self-report of a current diagnosis of a disorder that was provided by a medical practitioner.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • MBIs operate through changes in specific psychopathological aspects such as cognitive biases, affective dysregulation, and interpersonal effectiveness.

    “Additionally, MBIs have been shown to work via changes in specific aspects of psychopathology, such as cognitive biases, affective dysregulation, and interpersonal effectiveness.17,23,24”

    From Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Discussion reports that cognitive emotion-regulation strategies mediated the association between a mindfulness facet and emotional-disorder symptoms. It does not establish that MBIs work through changes in those strategies: the study was cross-sectional and explicitly precludes causal interpretations (Discussion; page numbers not supplied). The supplied passages also do not support cognitive biases or interpersonal effectiveness as mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Non-reactivity moderated the effect of Observing on symptoms of anxiety and thought rumination, increasing adaptive emotional regulation and reducing maladaptive strategies such as suppression.

    “A recent study demonstrated that “non-reactivity” moderated the effect of “Observing” on the symptoms of anxiety and thought rumination, increasing the use of more adaptive strategies of emotional regulation and reducing maladaptive strategies, such as suppression. Therefore, indirect effects of “Observing” in each symptom grew stronger as “Non-reactivity” increased [35].”

    From Dispositional mindfulness, anticipation and abstinence symptoms related to hypnotic dependence among insomniac women who seek treatment: A cross-sectional study (2018) · cites this paper as [35]

    The Results (§3.3–3.4; page not provided) report that nonreactivity moderated the indirect association between observation and symptom domains through reappraisal, but not through suppression. They also say the indirect effect became stronger and positive as nonreactivity diminished, contrary to the citing sentence’s direction. Rumination is discussed in the Introduction as a finding of prior research, not an outcome tested in this study. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Table 3 is cited for incompatible indirect-effect results

    Minor

    The final-model results cite Table 3 as support for significant indirect effects through suppression, but the earlier results identify Table 3 as the alternative model, in which no indirect effects were significant.

  • Suppression hypothesis is given two numbers

    Minor

    The introduction labels the moderated-suppression prediction as hypothesis 2b, while the discussion calls the nonsignificant suppression interaction hypothesis 3a.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

5 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Muramatsu, 2009, Validation and utility of a Japanese version of the GAD-7, Panminerva Med., 51, 79

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Curtiss, J., Klemanski, D. H., Andrews, L., Ito, M., & Hofmann, S. G.
Affiliations
  • Boston University (US)
  • Columbia University (US)
  • National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (JP)
Corresponding author
Hofmann, Stefan G.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-04
Volume
212
Pages
93-100
ISSN
0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.027
PMC
PMC5340204
OpenAlex
W2581832937
Semantic Scholar
60b99d8b2a27159e9345fef402501c5bcdab82c3
Cited by
52
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3
FWCI
8.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • OpenBU (Boston University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (16K13500)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH099311)
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT007257)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords
mindfulness, emotion regulation, conditional process model, non-reactivity, cognitive reappraisal, cognitive inhibition, emotional disorders, mediation, moderation, mental health outcomes
MeSH terms
Adult, Emotions, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Mood Disorders, Self Report, Mindfulness

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