AMPK: An Energy-Sensing Pathway with Multiple Inputs and Outputs
Open accessAbstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of energy balance expressed ubiquitously in eukaryotic cells. Here we review the canonical adenine nucleotide-dependent mechanism that activates AMPK when cellular energy status is compromised, as well as other, noncanonical activation mechanisms. Once activated, AMPK acts to restore energy homeostasis by promoting catabolic pathways, resulting in ATP generation, and inhibiting anabolic pathways that consume ATP. We also review the various hypothesis-driven and unbiased approaches that have been used to identify AMPK substrates and have revealed substrates involved in both metabolic and non-metabolic processes. We particularly focus on methods for identifying the AMPK target recognition motif and how it can be used to predict new substrates.
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AMPK is a heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase composed of a catalytic α subunit (PRKAA1), which is essential for AMPK function through phosphorylation of its activation loop, and regulatory β and γ subunits.
“AMPK is a heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase composed of a catalytic α subunit (PRKAA1), which is essential for AMPK function through phosphorylation of its activation loop, and regulatory β and γ subunits [12].”
From AMPK hyperactivation promotes dendrite retraction, synaptic loss, and neuronal dysfunction in glaucoma (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
The ‘AMPK – subunit structure and regulation’ section (page not provided) describes AMPK as a heterotrimer with a catalytic α subunit and regulatory β and γ subunits, and says significant activity normally follows phosphorylation of the α subunit’s activation loop. It also identifies both α1 and α2 isoforms; it does not identify the catalytic α subunit exclusively as PRKAA1. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAerobic exercise activates AMPK, particularly under low energy availability conditions, by increasing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation to restore energy balance.
“Aerobic exercise activates AMPK, particularly under low energy availability conditions, as it restores energy balance by increasing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation [226,227].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [227]
Aerobic exercise activates AMPK, particularly under low energy availability, restoring energy balance by increasing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation.
“Aerobic exercise activates AMPK, particularly under low energy availability conditions, as it restores energy balance by increasing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation [226,227].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [227]
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- Authors
- Hardie, D. G., Schaffer, B. E., & Brunet, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hardie, D. Grahame
- Venue
- Trends in Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 190-201
- ISSN
- 0962-8924 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5881568
- OpenAlex
- W2174118934
- Cited by
- 859
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cell Biology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (097726)
- Cancer Research UK (C37030/A15101)
- CIRM (RB4-06087)
- NIH (R01 AG031198, T32 CA09302)
- NSF GRFP
- Robert M. and Anne T. Bass Stanford Graduate Fellowship
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- AMPK, AMPK activation, energy homeostasis, catabolic pathways, ATP production, substrate recognition motif, substrate prediction
- MeSH terms
- Allosteric Regulation, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Energy Metabolism, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Phosphorylation, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Signal Transduction, Catalytic Domain, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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