A cognitive neuroscience hypothesis of mood and depression.
Open accessAbstract
Although mood has a direct impact on mental and physical health, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying mood regulation is limited. Here, I propose that there is a direct reciprocal relation between the cortical activation of associations and mood regulation, whereby positive mood promotes associative processing, and associative processing promotes positive mood. This relation might stem from an evolutionary pressure for learning and predicting. Along these lines, one can think of mood as a reward mechanism that guides individuals to use their brains in the most productive manner. The proposed framework has many implications, most notably for diagnosing and treating mood disorders such as depression; for elucidating the role of inhibition in the regulation of mood; for contextualizing adult hippocampal neurogenesis; and for a general, non-invasive improvement of well-being.
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Rumination is associated with decreases in the likelihood of new reward-based learning, weakens instrumental action, and reduces engagement of potentially rewarding social networks.
“rumination is associated with decreases in the likelihood of new reward-based learning, weakens instrumental action, and engagement of potentially rewarding social networks41–43 [contextual learning consequences].”
From AN OPEN TRIAL OF EMOTION REGULATION THERAPY FOR GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER AND COOCCURRING DEPRESSION. (2015) · cites this paper as [41]
The paper’s ‘Relevant aspects of associative processing’ section describes rumination as narrow associative thinking and says associations are important for learning and action. Its ‘Concluding remarks’ link broad associations with learning and a positive-mood reward. These passages offer a basis for the learning and action portions of the claim, but do not establish reduced reward-based learning or weakened instrumental action specifically; they do not address engagement with rewarding social networks. The available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere are several reasons why one could develop depression, such as faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability and stressful life events.
“Research is clear that there are several reasons why one could develop depression, such as faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability and stressful life events (Burns et al., 2002; Bar, 2009).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Bar, 2009
The sections on associative processing and mood link depression to abnormal brain-network function and mood regulation. The concluding remarks also say that not all depression stems from the proposed hippocampal/prefrontal processes. Our copy does not identify genetic vulnerability or stressful life events as reasons someone develops depression; its mention of stress describes it as a concomitant of mood disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDepressive rumination narrows associative processing and in turn decreases the likelihood of new reward-based learning and obfuscates focusing on purposeful action.
“Depressive rumination is one strategy common to distress disorders that narrows associative processing and in turn, decreases the likelihood of new reward-based learning and obfuscates focusing on purposeful action (Bar, 2009).”
From Emotion Regulation Therapy: A Mechanism-Targeted Treatment for Disorders of Distress (2017) · cites this paper as Bar, 2009
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Understanding Resilience and Preventing and Treating PTSD
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Predictive Feedback and Conscious Visual Experience
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“Research is clear that there are several reasons why one could develop depression, such as faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability and stressful life events (Burns et al., 2002; Bar, 2009).”
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Linking major depression and the neural substrates of associative processing
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Revisioning self-identity: The role of portraits, neuroscience and the art therapist's ‘third hand’
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Global Processing Makes People Happier Than Local Processing
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A Neuroimaging Study of Personality Traits and Self-Reflection
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- Authors
- Bar, M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bar, Moshe
- ORCID
- Bar, Moshe
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 456-463
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2767460
- OpenAlex
- W2167247432
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS050615)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- mood regulation, depression, positive mood, associative processing, cortical activation, reward processing, inhibition, hippocampal neurogenesis, well-being, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Association, Cognition, Depression, Humans, Neurosciences
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