Menstrual cycle phase modulates reward-related neural function in women
Open accessAbstract
There is considerable evidence from animal studies that the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine systems are sensitive to circulating gonadal steroid hormones. Less is known about the influence of estrogen and progesterone on the human reward system. To investigate this directly, we used functional MRI and an event-related monetary reward paradigm to study women with a repeated-measures, counterbalanced design across the menstrual cycle. Here we show that during the midfollicular phase (days 4-8 after onset of menses) women anticipating uncertain rewards activated the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala more than during the luteal phase (6-10 days after luteinizing hormone surge). At the time of reward delivery, women in the follicular phase activated the midbrain, striatum, and left fronto-polar cortex more than during the luteal phase. These data demonstrate augmented reactivity of the reward system in women during the midfollicular phase when estrogen is unopposed by progesterone. Moreover, investigation of between-sex differences revealed that men activated ventral putamen more than women during anticipation of uncertain rewards, whereas women more strongly activated the anterior medial prefrontal cortex at the time of reward delivery. Correlation between brain activity and gonadal steroid levels also revealed that the amygdalo-hippocampal complex was positively correlated with estradiol level, regardless of menstrual cycle phase. Together, our findings provide evidence of neurofunctional modulation of the reward system by gonadal steroid hormones in humans and establish a neurobiological foundation for understanding their impact on vulnerability to drug abuse, neuropsychiatric diseases with differential expression across males and females, and hormonally mediated mood disorders.
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Findings did not change when mid-follicular phase covariate was included.
“Because findings did not change when this covariate was included, results from analyses that did not include this covariate are reported.”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Dreher et al., 2007
Reward processing changes with menstrual cycle phase.
“However, it has been found that reward processing changes with menstrual cycle phase (Dreher et al., 2007).”
From Testosterone levels correspond with increased ventral striatum activation in response to monetary rewards in adolescents (2011) · cites this paper as Dreher et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Dreher, J.-C., Schmidt, P. J., Kohn, P., Furman, D., Rubinow, D., & Berman, K. F.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2007-02-13
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2465-2470
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1892961
- OpenAlex
- W1983292996
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 12.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, reward processing, sex steroids, estrogen, progesterone, mesolimbic dopamine system, mesocortical dopamine system, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, striatum, midbrain, ventral putamen, anterior medial prefrontal cortex, estradiol, sex differences, uncertainty, monetary rewards, drug abuse vulnerability, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Menstrual Cycle, Neurons, Progesterone, Reward, Sex Factors
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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