Bacterial contributions to mammalian gut development
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The gut microbiome can be viewed as an anaerobic bioreactor programmed to synthesize molecules that direct the mammalian immune system, modify the mammalian epigenome, and regulate host metabolism.
“the gut microbiome can be viewed as an anaerobic bioreactor programmed to synthesize molecules which direct the mammalian immune system,5 modify the mammalian epigenome,6 and regulate host metabolism.7”
From The Gut Microbiome and the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
Cites
Biological roles of oligosaccharides: all of the theories are correct
Varki, A. P. (1993) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/3.2.97 · Cited by 5,203 · see citing works
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Savage, D. C. (1977) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543 · Cited by 2,436 · see citing works
H OW H OST -M ICROBIAL I NTERACTIONS S HAPE THE N UTRIENT E NVIRONMENT OF THE M AMMALIAN I NTESTINE
Hooper, L. V., Midtvedt, T., & Gordon, J. I. (2002) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259 · Cited by 1,623 · see citing works
Self-citationAllergy, Parasites, and the Hygiene Hypothesis
Yazdanbakhsh, M., Kremsner, P. G., & van Ree, R. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.296.5567.490 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
Suau, A., Bonnet, R., Sutren, M., Godon, J.-J., Gibson, G. R., Collins, M. D., & Doré, J. (1999) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.65.11.4799-4807.1999 · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
Anatomical basis of tolerance and immunity to intestinal antigens
Mowat, A. M. (2003) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1057 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract
Mackie, R. I., Sghir, A., & Gaskins, H. R. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.5.1035s · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
Human Fecal Flora: The Normal Flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians
Moore, W. E. C., & Holdeman, L. V. (1974) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1128/am.27.5.961-979.1974 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells
Stappenbeck, T. S., Hooper, L. V., & Gordon, J. I. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.202604299 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Self-citationAngiogenins: a new class of microbicidal proteins involved in innate immunity
Hooper, L. V., Stappenbeck, T. S., Hong, C. V., & Gordon, J. I. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni888 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Self-citationA Model of Host-Microbial Interactions in an Open Mammalian Ecosystem
Bry, L., Falk, P. G., Midtvedt, T., & Gordon, J. I. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5280.1380 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Hooper, L. V., Xu, J., Falk, P. G., Midtvedt, T., & Gordon, J. I. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.17.9833 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Self-citationShanahan, F. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07284-7 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Expression of NOD2 in Paneth cells: a possible link to Crohn’s ileitis
Ogura, Y., Lala, S. G., Xin, W., Smith, E., Dowds, T. A., Chen, F. F., Zimmermann, E., Tretiakova, M., Cho, J. H., Hart, J., et al. (2003) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.52.11.1591 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Porter, E. M., Bevins, C. L., Ghosh, D., & Ganz, T. (2002) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-002-8412-z · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Shroff, K. E., Meslin, K., & Cebra, J. J. (1995) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.63.10.3904-3913.1995 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Inflammatory bowel disease and domestic hygiene in infancy
Gent, A. E., Hellier, M. D., Grace, R. H., Swarbrick, E. T., & Coggon, D. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91841-4 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Umesaki, Y., Okada, Y., Matsumoto, S., Imaoka, A., & Setoyama, H. (1995) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb02242.x · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Unseen Forces: The Influence of Bacteria on Animal Development
McFall‐Ngai, M. (2002) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0522 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
(2005) · PubMed · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Examining the Role of Paneth Cells in the Small Intestine by Lineage Ablation in Transgenic Mice
Garabedian, E. M., Roberts, L. J., McNevin, M. S., & Gordon, J. I. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.38.23729 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Umesaki, Y., Setoyama, H., Matsumoto, S., Imaoka, A., & Itoh, K. (1999) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.67.7.3504-3511.1999 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Umesaki, Y., Setoyama, H., Matsumoto, S., & Okada, Y. (1993) · PubMed Central · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Wold, A. E. (1998) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04953.x · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Hooper, L. V., & Gordon, J. I. (2001) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/11.2.1r · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationLefrançois, L., & Goodman, T. G. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2564701 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Dietary intake, energy metabolism, and excretory losses of adult male germfree Wistar rats.
Wöstmann, B. S. J., Larkin, C. J., Moriarty, A., & Bruckner-Kardoss, E. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Das, G., Augustine, M. M., Das, J., Bottomly, K., Ray, P., & Ray, A. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0831037100 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Microflora in Mammalian Nutrition
Savage, D. C. (1986) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.06.070186.001103 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
THE GERMFREE ANIMAL IN NUTRITIONAL STUDIES
Wostmann, B. S. (1981) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.001353 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Montgomery, M. K., & McFall‐Ngai, M. (1994) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.120.7.1719 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Germ-free and Colonized Mice Generate the Same Products from Enteric Prodefensins
Pütsep, K., Axelsson, L.-G., Boman, A., Midtvedt, T., Normark, S. J., Boman, H. G., & Andersson, M. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m007816200 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Foster, J. S., Apicella, M., & McFall-Ngai, M. (2000) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9868 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Savage, D. C., Siegel, J. E., Snellen, J. E., & Whitt, D. D. (1981) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.42.6.996-1001.1981 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Lamarcq, L. H., & McFall‐Ngai, M. (1998) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.66.2.777-785.1998 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Induction of apoptosis by cooperative bacteria in the morphogenesis of host epithelial tissues
Foster, J. S., & McFall‐Ngai, M. (1998) · Development Genes and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s004270050185 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
ter Steege, J. C. A., Buurman, W. A., & Forget, P. (1996) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/1997/34891 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Winter, H. A. M. D., Cheroutre, H., & Kronenberg, M. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.6.g1317 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Role of passive and adaptive immunity in influencing enterocyte-specific gene expression
Jenkins, S., Wang, J., MUKTA, V., Vela, J. L., Sahagun, O., Gabbay, P., Hoang, L., Diaz, R. L., Aranda, R., & Martı́n, M. G. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00130.2003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Dusheck, J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/418578a · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nutritional and developmental regulation of glycosylation processes indigestive organs
Biol, M.-C., Martin, A., & Louisot, P. (1992) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/0300-9084(92)90180-m · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Neonatal Gastrointestinal Tract
Neu, J., & Li, N. (2003) · NeoReviews · doi:10.1542/neo.4-1-e7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease
Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2515 · Cited by 5,029 · see citing works
“A key example of such an environment is provided by the vast numbers and diversity of bacteria that are found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of mammal”
An Immunomodulatory Molecule of Symbiotic Bacteria Directs Maturation of the Host Immune System
Mazmanian, S. K., Liu, C. H., Tzianabos, A. O., & Kasper, D. L. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.007 · Cited by 2,910 · see citing works
“We studied whether cellular immune maturation after bacterial colonization was (Hooper, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice
Braniste, V., Al-Asmakh, M., Kowal, C., Anuar, F., Abbaspour, A., Tóth, M., Korecka, A., Bakocevic, N., Ng, L. G., Kundu, P., et al. (2014) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009759 · Cited by 2,530 · see citing works
“Our gut microbiota is important for many biological functions in the body, including intestinal development, barrier integrity and function (1, 2), metabolism (3, 4), the immune system (5), and the central nervous system (CNS).”
BackgroundDethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M. L., & Relman, D. A. (2008) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280 · Cited by 2,361 · see citing works
“Humans rely on their native microbiota for nutrition and resistance to colonization by pathogens [3-6]; furthermore, recent discoveries have shown that symbiotic microbes make essential contributions to the development, metabolism, and immune response of the host [7-10].”
BackgroundThe NIH Human Microbiome ProjectPreprint
The NIH HMP Working Group, Peterson, J. L., Garges, S., Giovanni, M. Y., McInnes, P., Wang, L., Schloss, J. A., Bonazzi, V. R., McEwen, J. E., Wetterstrand, K. A., et al. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.096651.109 · Cited by 2,092 · see citing works
Kim, H. J., Huh, D., Hamilton, G., & Ingber, D. E. (2012) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc40074j · Cited by 1,734 · see citing works
Jakobsson, H. E., Jernberg, C., Andersson, A. F., Sjölund-Karlsson, M., Jansson, J. K., & Engstrand, L. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009836 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
“The normal intestinal microbiota has several beneficial roles including protection against 49 pathogen invasion, development of the immune system, and in nutrition [2,3,4,5,6].”
BackgroundStecher, B., Robbiani, R., Walker, A. W., Westendorf, A. M., Barthel, M., Kremer, M., Chaffron, S., Macpherson, A. J., Buer, J., Parkhill, J., et al. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050244 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
“and the intestinal immune system [5–7].”
Reduced Paneth cell α-defensins in ileal Crohn's disease
Wehkamp, J., Salzman, N. H., Porter, E. M., Nuding, S., Weichenthal, M., Petras, R. E., Shen, B., Schaeffeler, E., Schwab, M. G., Linzmeier, R. M., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505256102 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Carbohydrate metabolism in Bifidobacteria
Pokusaeva, K., Fitzgerald, G. F., & van Sinderen, D. (2011) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-010-0206-6 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
“Research on the gut microbiota composition in humans, as supported by work in gnotobiotic mouse models, has revealed the existence of a mutualistic relationship between humans and the gut microbiota, which acts as a virtual organ to (1) influence maturation of the immune system [76, 90], (2) defend against gastrointes…”
BackgroundWalker, A. W., Duncan, S. H., McWilliam Leitch, E. C., Child, M. W., & Flint, H. J. (2005) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.71.7.3692-3700.2005 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
“Shifts in microbial community structure caused by diet (32) also have the potential to influence interactions between gut microbes, gut epithelial cells, and the immune system (10, 28, 40).”
BackgroundShifting the balance: antibiotic effects on host–microbiota mutualism
Willing, B. P., Russell, S. L., & Finlay, B. B. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2536 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
“These mutualists contribute substantially to host phenotype, so extensively, in fact, that mammals have been described as 'superorganisms', and terms such as 'ecological development' have been coined to signify that development is a product of both host genetics and interactions with the microbiot”
BackgroundBuchon, N., Broderick, N. A., Chakrabarti, S., & Lemaître, B. (2009) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1827009 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
“entomophila (Jiang et al. 2009). This work and our study clearly demonstrate that the JAK–STAT pathway adjusts the level of epithelium renewal to ensure proper tissue homeostasis by linking enterocyte damage to ISC proliferation. In the study by Jiang et al. (2009), they also uncover an additional role of this pathway…”
The Gut Microbiome and the Brain
Galland, L. (2014) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.7000 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
“…encode for enzymes and structural proteins that influence the functioning of mammalian cells, the gut microbiome can be viewed as an anaerobic bioreactor programmed to synthesize molecules which direct the mammalian immune system, 5 modify the mammalian epigenome, 6 and regulate host metabolism.”
Microbiota of Human Breast Tissue
Urbaniak, C., Cummins, J., Brackstone, M., Macklaim, J. M., Gloor, G. B., Baban, C. K., Scott, L., O'Hanlon, D. M., Burton, J. P., Francis, K. P., et al. (2014) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00242-14 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Fallani, M., Young, D., Scott, J. A., Norin, E. L., Amarri, S., Adam, R., Aguilera, J., Khanna, S., Gil, Á., Edwards, C. A., et al. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181d1b11e · Cited by 559 · see citing works
“Sterile in utero, the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn infant is rapidly colonized at birth by a myriad of maternal vaginal and fecal bacteria and other sources from its environment (5).”
BackgroundModulation of intestinal barrier by intestinal microbiota: Pathological and therapeutic implications
Natividad, J. M. M., & Verdu, E. F. (2013) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.007 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Does the microbiota regulate immune responses outside the gut?
Noverr, M. C., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2004) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.10.008 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
The “Perfect Storm” for Type 1 Diabetes
Vaarala, O., Atkinson, M. A., & Neu, J. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db08-0331 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
“Over 500 species of microbes are known to reside in the human gastrointestinal tract (1,2).”
BackgroundFrom Structure to Function: the Ecology of Host-Associated Microbial Communities
Robinson, C. J., Bohannan, B. J. M., & Young, V. B. (2010) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00014-10 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Lai, Y., Cogen, A. L., Radek, K. A., Park, H. J., MacLeod, D. T., Leichtle, A., Ryan, A. F., Di Nardo, A., & Gallo, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.123 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
A dynamic partnership: Celebrating our gut flora
Sears, C. L. (2005) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
“thetaiotaomicron alone, have been shown to induce expression and secretion by Paneth cells of angiogenin-4, a bactericidal protein that specifically kills gram-positive organisms [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialRules of Engagement: Interspecies Interactions that Regulate Microbial Communities
Little, A. E. F., Robinson, C. J., Peterson, S. B., Raffa, K. F., & Handelsman, J. (2008) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.030608.101423 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
“For example, many microbes in the human gut historically termed commensal are now recognized as critical factors in gut and immunity development, nutrient uptake, and homeostasis of the system (85, 86, 159).”
BackgroundThe ‘microflora hypothesis’ of allergic diseases
Noverr, M. C., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2005) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02379.x · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Gonçalves, P., Araújo, J. R., & Santo, J. P. D. (2018) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izx029 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
“Microbiota induces CCR6+ LTi cells that promote 18 the formation of secondary lymphoid organs (18-20) and NCR+ ILC3s numbers (16, 27, 28).”
BackgroundMicrobial Factor-Mediated Development in a Host-Bacterial Mutualism
Koropatnick, T. A., Engle, J. T., Apicella, M. A., Stabb, E. V., Goldman, W. E., & McFall‐Ngai, M. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102218 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Fernandez, E. M., Valenti, V., Rockel, C., Hermann, C., Pot, B., Boneca, I. G., & Grangette, C. (2011) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2010.232918 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION Themicrobiota is in permanent interaction with the host epithelium and immune system and contributes to gastrointestinal health.(1) In genetically susceptible individuals, an inappropriate mucosal immune response against the intestinal flora appears to be the principal mechanism leading to the pathogenesi…”
BackgroundIntestinal Microbial Ecology in Premature Infants Assessed with Non–Culture-Based Techniques
Mshvildadze, M., Neu, J., Shuster, J. J., Theriaque, D. W., Li, N., & Mai, V. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.063 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Interactions between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Zhang, M., Sun, K., Wu, Y., Yang, Y., Tso, P., & Wu, Z. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00942 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Early life: gut microbiota and immune development in infancy
Martin, R., Nauta, A., Ben Amor, K., Knippels, L., Knol, J., & Garssen, J. (2010) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2010.0027 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
“Comparisons of germ-free and conventional colonised mice have revealed that Paneth cells participate in at least two bacterial-induced developmental transitions: the postnatal expansion of the gut epithelial antimicrobial arsenal and the development of a robust villus capillary network (Hooper, 2004).”
BackgroundBreast milk, microbiota, and intestinal immune homeostasis
Walker, W. A., & Iyengar, S. R. (2014) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2014.160 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
“These observations strongly suggest that not only is appropriate colonization in general necessary in the newborn period, but specific organisms seen in breastfed infants (51) may also be necessary to achieve early tolerance to innocuous antigens and bacteria, thereby preventing the expression of allergy and autoimmun…”
The microbiome and regulation of mucosal immunity
McDermott, A. J., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2013) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12231 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Rahman, K., Desai, C., Iyer, S. S., Thorn, N. E., Kumar, P., Liu, Y., Smith, T., Neish, A. S., Li, H., Tan, S., et al. (2016) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.06.022 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Weaning — A challenge to gut physiologists
Lallès, J. P., Bosi, P., Smidt, H., & Stokes, C. R. (2007) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.091 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
The Relationship Between the Human Genome and Microbiome Comes into View
Goodrich, J. K., Davenport, E. R., Clark, A. G., & Ley, R. E. (2017) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155532 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“colonization with a microbiome (27), yet others require microbial exposure at critical points in the animal’s development (1, 24, 52, 59).”
BackgroundCritical review evaluating the pig as a model for human nutritional physiology
Roura, E., Koopmans, S. J., Lallès, J. P., Huërou‐Luron, I. L., de Jager, N., Schuurman, T., & Val‐Laillet, D. (2016) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422416000020 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Feeding Our Immune System: Impact on Metabolism
Wolowczuk, I., Verwaerde, C., Viltart, O., Delanoye, A., Delacre, M., Pot, B., & Grangette, C. (2008) · Clinical and Developmental Immunology · doi:10.1155/2008/639803 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“It is established almost immediately after birth and is now considered to be essential in priming the immune system during ontogeny and in the development and maturation of both mucosal and systemic immune systems [16, 17].”
BackgroundThe bacterial peptidoglycan-sensing molecule Pglyrp2 modulates brain development and behavior
Arentsen, T., Qian, Y., Gkotzis, S., Femenia, T., Wang, T., Udekwu, K., Forssberg, H., & Diaz Heijtz, R. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.182 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Rumen microbial (meta)genomics and its application to ruminant production
Morgavi, D., Kelly, W. J., Janssen, P. H., & Attwood, G. T. (2012) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731112000419 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“The gastrointestinal microbiota exerts protective, immunological, developmental and nutritional functions that benefit the host (Hooper, 2004) and can be justly considered an ‘organ’ with far more metabolic functions and capabilities than the host’s tissues (Xu and Gordon, 2003; Egert et al.”
BackgroundReeves, A. E., Theriot, C. M., Bergin, I. L., Huffnagle, G. B., Schloss, P. D., & Young, V. B. (2011) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.2.3.16333 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Finkbeiner, S. R., Hill, D. R., Altheim, C. H., Dedhia, P. H., Taylor, M. J., Tsai, Y.-H., Chin, A. M., Mahé, M. M., Watson, C. L., Freeman, J. J., et al. (2015) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.04.010 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“…value 0.0001–0.001. highlighted the importance of intestinal microbial colonization in enhancing intestinal function, development of the intestinal immune system, andprotection against pathogenic infection (Cash et al., 2006; Hooper, 2004; Hooper et al., 1999, 2001, 2012; Hudault et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialRoesch, L. F. W., Lorca, G. L., Casella, G., Giongo, A., Naranjo, A., Pionzio, A. M., Li, N., Mai, V., Wasserfall, C. H., Schatz, D., et al. (2009) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.5 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“…microbiota in infancy is critical for numerous physiological processes including growth, angiogenesis, optimization of nutrition and stimulation of various arms of the innate and adaptive immune systems (Hooper and Gordon 2001; Stappenbeck et al., 2002; Hooper 2004; Mazmanian et al., 2005).”
BackgroundGalindo‐Villegas, J., García‐Moreno, D., de Oliveira, S., Meseguer, J., & Mulero, V. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1209920109 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“A frequent assumption is that all the steps involved in the development of a complex multicellular organism are genetically preordained (4).”
BackgroundThe Early Settlers: Intestinal Microbiology in Early Life
Scholtens, P. A. M. J., Oozeer, R., Martı́n, R., Amor, K. B., & Knol, J. (2012) · Annual Review of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1146/annurev-food-022811-101120 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Tannock, G. W., Munro, K., Taylor, C., Lawley, B., Young, W., Byrne, B., Emery, J., & Louie, T. (2010) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.042010-0 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“Moreover, the bowel microbiota is highly interactive with the host, which can have important physiological outcomes (Hooper, 2004; Bäckhed et al., 2004).”
Molecular Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier: Contribution of Microbiota
Sharma, R. R., Young, C., & Neu, J. (2010) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2010/305879 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“Manipulations of the microbiota to enhance its beneficial components that complement the human immune system with barrier-fortification are areas of active research [4, 23, 26, 34].”
BackgroundDifferential Effects of Antibiotic Therapy on the Structure and Function of Human Gut Microbiota
Pérez-Cobas, A. E., Artacho, A., Knecht, H., Ferrús, M. L., Friedrichs, A., Ott, S. J., Moya, A., Latorre, A., & Gosalbes, M. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080201 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“The gut microbiota seems to be host-specific and rather stable under non- or small perturbations [3] and is involved in a large number of host beneficial functions such as food processing, growth regulation of the intestinal epithelium, development of the immune system, or protection against pathogens [2,4,5].”
BackgroundHrnčíř, T., Štëpánková, R., Kozáková, H., Hudcovic, T., & Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H. (2008) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/1471-2172-9-65 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“It is generally accepted that live gut microbiota are essential for the development and maturation of the mammalian immune system [10,11,14,17,18,20,21].”
BackgroundInfluence of the gastrointestinal microbiota on development of the immune system in young animals.
Bauer, E., Williams, B. A., Smidt, H., Verstegen, M. W. A., & Mosenthin, R. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The Relationship of the Oral Microbiotia to Periodontal Health and Disease
Curtis, M. A., Zenobia, C., & Darveau, R. P. (2011) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.09.008 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“The architecture of the intestinal tissue is changedmarkedly with the addition of bacteria; the crypts are deeper, the capillary network is more extensive, the mucus layer is reduced, cilia are shorter, and many differences are seen with immune cells and molecules as indicated (Hooper, 2004).”
BackgroundDebugging how Bacteria Manipulate the Immune Response
Sansonetti, P. J., & Santo, J. P. D. (2007) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.02.004 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Heijtz, R. D. (2016) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.012 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Microbiome, Metabolome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ahmed, I., Roy, B. C., Khan, S., Septer, S. S., & Umar, S. (2016) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms4020020 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“, vitamin K, vitamin B12 and folic acid) and essential amino acids, biotransform conjugated bile acids, cause intestinal motility, boost intestinal angiogenesis, and promote proper development of the immune system [55–58].”
BackgroundThe Gut Microbiota and Developmental Programming of the Testis in Mice
Al-Asmakh, M., Stukenborg, J.-B., Reda, A., Anuar, F., Strand, M.-L., Hedin, L., Pettersson, S., & Söder, O. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103809 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“The gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be crucial for the establishment of the intestinal barrier [26] and we have previously shown that the gut microbiota can influence the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (Braniste et al.”
BackgroundTsetse Immune System Maturation Requires the Presence of Obligate Symbionts in Larvae
Weiss, B. L., Wang, J., & Aksoy, S. (2011) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000619 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“The most well-known example of this type of interaction involves the mammalian microbiome, which modulates gut development during early postnatal life and subsequently shapes our mucosal and systemic immune systems [11,12].”
Lactobacillus rhamnosus blocks inflammatory signaling in vivo via reactive oxygen species generation
Lin, P. W., Myers, L., Ray, L., Song, S., Nasr, T. R., Berardinelli, A., Kundu, K., Murthy, N., Hansen, J. M., & Neish, A. S. (2009) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.033 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Because commensal bacteria are clearly important for growth, maturation, and cytoprotection of the intestine [25, 54], probiotics may act to prevent NEC in premature infants both by directly improving intestinal immune function and by normalizing bacterial populations.”
Host Factors in Amniotic Fluid and Breast Milk that Contribute to Gut Maturation
Wagner, C. L., Taylor, S. N., & Johnson, D. (2007) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-007-8032-3 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“This process is referred to as “symbiosis” or “mutualism” [130].”
Intestinal Microbiota During Infancy and Its Implications for Obesity
Reinhardt, C., Reigstad, C. S., & Bäckhed, F. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e318183187c · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“DELIVERY METHOD AFFECTS THE GUT MICROBIAL COMPOSITION After weaning, the microbiota develops into a stable community dominated by bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria divisions (65,68).”
BackgroundResultYan, F., & Polk, D. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01428 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“tract to functional maturation of the intestinal tract (49) and the development of immunity in early life (50).”
BackgroundInteractions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review
Patil, Y. D., Gooneratne, R., & Ju, X. (2019) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2019.1690363 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“The gut microbiota is involved in digestion of otherwise indigestible carbohydrates to produce SCFAs, which protect against epithelial injury, as well as in the synthesis of essential amino acids, regulation of fat metabolism, induction of intestinal motility, improvement in intestinal angiogenesis, and regulation of…”
BackgroundStecher, B., Macpherson, A. J., Hapfelmeier, S., Kremer, M., Stallmach, T., & Hardt, W. (2005) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.73.6.3228-3241.2005 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“In contrast, GF mice have never been in contact with a microflora and consequently have an “immature” gut physiology, including a reduced barrier function, altered mucus secretion, and no tolerance to bacterial products (21).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Gut Microbiota Disorders on the Blood–Brain Barrier
Wei, T., Zhu, H., Feng, Y., Guo, R., & Wan, D. (2020) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s254403 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Lessons from the genomes of bifidobacteria
Klijn, A., Mercenier, A., & Arigoni, F. (2005) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.010 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Microbes colonising the GIT play a vital role in developing tolerance of the immune system to self antigens and to dietary antigens as well as in maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal ecosystem, for example by limiting colonisation of pathogens [76–79].”
BackgroundRobinson, C. M., & Pfeiffer, J. K. (2014) · Annual Review of Virology · doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085550 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases: time to connect with the host
Sokol, H., & Seksik, P. (2010) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e328339536b · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Sibley, C. D., Peirano, G., & Church, D. L. (2012) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.011 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“The essential role that commensal micro-organisms play in human health is becoming increasingly recognized for its functional involvement in normal development, nutrition, immune regulation and colonization resistance (Brook, 1999; Hooper, 2004; Mazmanian et al., 2005; Li et al., 2008; Clarke et al., 2010).”
BackgroundWilling, B. P., & Kessel, A. G. V. (2007) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0320 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Water fleas require microbiota for survival, growth and reproduction
Sison-Mangus, M. P., Mushegian, A. A., & Ebert, D. (2014) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.116 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“…to be seen whether bacteria affect the development and maturation of the Daphnia gut, as they do in the development of vertebrate gut epithelia (Hooper, 2004; Rawls et al., 2004; Bates et al., 2006), or whether bacteria promote growth factor signaling and intestinal stem cell activity as in…”
BackgroundSchumann, A., Nutten, S., Donnicola, D., Comelli, E. M., Mansourian, R., Cherbut, C., Corthesy-Theulaz, I. E., & García‐Ródenas, C. L. (2005) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00057.2005 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“postnatal development has been recently reviewed by Hooper (28).”
BackgroundInfluentialEpithelial barrier biology: good fences make good neighbours
Moens, E., & Veldhoen, M. (2011) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03506.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Jin, J., Touyama, M., Hisada, T., & Benno, Y. (2012) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00502.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Roberts, F. A., & Darveau, R. P. (2015) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12087 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“The architecture of the intestinal tissue is changed markedly with the addition of bacteria: the crypts are deeper, the capillary network is more extensive, the mucus layer is reduced, cilia are shorter and many differences are seen with immune cells and molecules, as indicated (32).”
BackgroundEffects of Intestinal Microbiota on Brain Development in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice
Lu, J. N., Lu, L., Yu, Y., Cluette‐Brown, J. E., Martin, C. R., & Claud, E. C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23692-w · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Microbiota-derived butyrate regulates intestinal inflammation: Focus on inflammatory bowel disease
Couto, M. R., Gonçalves, P., Magro, F., & Martel, F. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104947 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Bacterial toxins that modulate host cell-cycle progression
Oswald, É., Nougayrède, J., Taieb, F. E., & Sugai, M. (2005) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.011 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“The relationship is mostly of mutual benefit, as bacteria contribute to mammalian gut development by modulating the intestinal glycoconjugate repertoire, intestinal angiogenesis and epithelial innate immunity (reviewed in [70]).”
BackgroundEnterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: A potential instigator of colitis
Rabizadeh, S., Rhee, K., Wu, S., Huso, D. L., Gan, C. M., Golub, J. E., Wu, X., Zhang, M., & Sears, C. L. (2007) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.20265 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Camp, J. G., Frank, C. L., Lickwar, C. R., Guturu, H., Rube, T., Wenger, A. M., Chen, J., Bejerano, G., Crawford, G. E., & Rawls, J. F. (2014) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.165845.113 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“…modify host physiology through impact- ing gene expression in the intestinal epithelium along the length of the intestinal tract (B€ackhed et al. 2004; Hooper 2004; Rawls et al. 2006;Donohoe et al. 2011; Vaishnava et al. 2011; El Aidy et al. 2012, 2013; Pott andHornef 2012; Alenghat et al. 2013;…”
BackgroundRobustness of the Bacterial Community in the Cabbage White Butterfly Larval Midgut
Robinson, C. J., Schloss, P. D., Ramos, Y., Raffa, K. F., & Handelsman, J. (2009) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-009-9595-8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“For example, study of the squid–Vibrio symbiosis led to the discovery of bacterial quorum sensing [89–92].”
BackgroundLymphoid microenvironments and innate lymphoid cells in the gut
Pearson, C. F., Uhlig, H. H., & Powrie, F. M. (2012) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2012.04.004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Could peripartum antibiotics have delayed health consequences for the infant?
Russell, A. B., & MURCH, S. H. (2006) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00952.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Comparative Analysis of the Gut Microbiota Composition between Captive and Wild Forest Musk Deer
Li, Y., Hu, X., Yang, S., Zhou, J., Zhang, T., Qi, L., Sun, X., Fan, M., Xu, S., Cha, M., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01705 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“Bacteroides can also promote immune system development to enhance host immunity (Hooper, 2004), and maintain intestinal microbial ecological balance (Hooper et al.”
BackgroundThe Developing Intestinal Ecosystem: Implications for the Neonate
Caicedo, R. A., Schanler, R. J., Li, N., & Neu, J. (2005) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000180533.09295.84 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“This change occurs to a much lesser degree in germ-free mice (11,12).”
BackgroundSchmidt, E., Mykytczuk, N., & Schulte‐Hostedde, A. I. (2019) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-019-0345-8 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Impact of probiotic supplements on microbiome diversity following antibiotic treatment of mice
Grazul, H., Kanda, L. L., & Gondek, D. (2016) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2016.1138197 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gornik, O., Štambuk, T., & Lauc, G. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.004 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“machinery and instruct it to produce glycans which promote successful symbiosis with intestinal commensal bacteria [79].”
BackgroundBeaumont, M., Paës, C., Mussard, E., Knudsen, C., Cauquil, L., Aymard, P., Barilly, C., Gabinaud, B., Zemb, O., Fourré, S., et al. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1747335 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“The expression of antimicrobial peptides was previously shown to be highly regulated in the developing intestine.(6,8,15,43) In contrast to our results, most of these studies reported an upregulation of antimicrobial peptides expression after weaning in mice.”
BackgroundResultExogenous Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Local Adult Pigs to Crossbred Newborn Piglets
Hu, L., Geng, S., Li, Y., Cheng, S., Fu, X., Yue, X., & Han, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02663 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“The villi capillaries of conventional mice were better developed compared to germfree mice, which suggested that the gut microbiota contribution to the development of the intestinal villi (Hooper, 2004).”
BackgroundHu, X.-F., Zhang, W., Wen, Q., Chen, W., Wang, Z., Chen, J., Zhu, F., Liu, K., Cheng, L., Yang, J., et al. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.042 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The Skin and Intestinal Microbiota and Their Specific Innate Immune Systems
Coates, M., Lee, M. J., Norton, D., & MacLeod, A. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02950 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The activated macrophages also signal repair pathway that promotes rapid enterocyte proliferation to repair the tissue defect by producing growth factors (34, 43).”
BackgroundImmune and non-immune functions of the (not so) neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn
Baker, K., Qiao, S., Kuo, T. T., Kobayashi, K., Yoshida, M., Lencer, W. I., & Blumberg, R. S. (2009) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-009-0160-9 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Perhaps nowhere are immune complexes as likely to be as prevalent as within the gut, which contains not only considerable amounts of IgG especially under inflammatory conditions but also a host of commensal bacteria to which the body is normally tolerized [85, 86].”
Aminov, R. I., Walker, A. W., Duncan, S. H., Harmsen, H. J. M., Welling, G. W., & Flint, H. J. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00701-06 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“The human colonic microbiota consists of at least 500 bacterial species (9, 18, 31, 35) and plays an important role in maintaining human health by preventing colonization by pathogens, degrading dietary and in situ-produced compounds, producing nutrients, and shaping and maintaining the normal mucosal immunity (12, 21…”
BackgroundGut microbiota regulates blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier function and Aβ pathology
Xie, J., Bruggeman, A., De Nolf, C., Vandendriessche, C., Van Imschoot, G., Van Wonterghem, E., Vereecke, L., & Vandenbroucke, R. E. (2023) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2022111515 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Lopez, M., Li, N., Kataria, J., Russell, M., & Neu, J. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.093658 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“The microbiota also play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (5), neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (6,7), and inflammatory bowel diseases (2,8).”
BackgroundThe struggle within: Microbial influences on colorectal cancer
Arthur, J. C., & Jobin, C. (2010) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21354 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Already the microbiota has been linked to cardiac development,(19) angiogenesis,(20) innate and adaptive immunity, metabolism,(25) nutrient acquisition,(26) and gastrointestinal development and homeostasis.(27) Furthermore, alterations in the microbial community are associated with multiple diseases, including obesity…”
BackgroundGastrointestinal maturation and implications for infant feeding
Neu, J. (2007) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.009 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“This change occurs to amuch lesser degree in germfree mice [54].”
BackgroundLee, S. A., Lim, J. Y., Kim, B. S., Cho, S. J., Kim, N. Y., Kim, O. B., & Kim, Y. (2015) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2015.9.3.242 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“sterile, and gut colonization in newborn infants starts rapidly within a few hours by contact with the maternal vagina and the environment [9].”
BackgroundGut microbiota promote the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Ma, Y., Xu, X., Li, M., Cai, J., Wei, Q., & Niu, H. (2019) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-019-0102-5 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Li, N., Zuo, B., Huang, S., Zeng, B., Han, D., Li, T., Liu, T., Wu, Z., Wei, H., Zhao, J., et al. (2020) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-020-00917-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Spatial and Temporal Features of the Growth of a Bacterial Species Colonizing the Zebrafish Gut
Jemielita, M., Taormina, M. J., Burns, A. R., Hampton, J. S., Rolig, A. S., Guillemin, K. J., & Parthasarathy, R. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01751-14 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Gut bacteria–host metabolic interplay during conventionalisation of the mouse germfree colon
Aidy, S. E., Derrien, M., Merrifield, C. A., Levenez, F., Dore, J. M., Boekschoten, M. V., Dekker, J. P., Holmes, E. C., Zoetendal, E. G., van Baarlen, P., et al. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.142 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“This large and dynamic community undergoes dramatic changes after initial colonisation of the neonates (Hooper, 2004; Palmer et al., 2007).”
Background
- Authors
- Hooper, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hooper, L
- ORCID
- Hooper, L
- Venue
- Trends in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 129-134
- ISSN
- 0966-842X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1965895403
- Cited by
- 541
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 6.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, intestinal development, host-microbe interactions, postnatal development, microbial colonization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Digestive System, Digestive System Physiological Phenomena, Biological Evolution, Mammals, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
