Modulation of intestinal barrier by intestinal microbiota: Pathological and therapeutic implications
Abstract
Mammals and their intestinal microbiota peacefully coexist in a mutualistic relationship. Commensal bacteria play an active role in shaping and modulating physiological processes in the host, which include, but are not restricted to, the immune system and the intestinal barrier. Both play a crucial role in containing intestinal bacteria and other potentially noxious luminal antigens within the lumen and mucosal compartment. Although mutualism defines the relationship between the host and the intestinal microbiota, disruptions in this equilibrium may promote disease. Thus, alterations in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) have been linked to the recent increased expression of obesity, allergy, autoimmunity, functional and inflammatory disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this article, we review the evidence supporting a role of gut microbiota in regulating intestinal barrier function. We discuss the hypothesis that microbial factors can modulate the barrier in ways that can prevent or promote gastrointestinal disease. A better understanding of the role of the intestinal microbiota in maintaining a functional intestinal barrier may help develop targeted strategies to prevent and treat disease.
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Many studies have shown that probiotics are effective in treating liver diseases in animal models and patients.
“Although a large number of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of probiotics in treating liver diseases both in animal models and in patients (reviewed elsewhere118,119), substantial controversy remains”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [118]
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Introduction to the human gut microbiota
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The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation
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“A healthy human intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in harvesting energy (20), shaping the intestinal epithelium (21), protecting against pathogens (22), and maintaining immunity (23).”
BackgroundAnalysis of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Petrov, V. A., Saltykova, I. V., Zhukova, I. A., Alifirova, V. M., Zhukova, N. G., Dorofeeva, Y. B., Tyakht, A. V., Kovarsky, B. A., Alekseev, D. G., Kostryukova, E. S., et al. (2017) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-017-3700-7 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Functions of Gut Microbiota Metabolites, Current Status and Future Perspectives
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BackgroundThe Intestinal Barrier and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Gut Permeability
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“paracellular permeability essential for nutrient uptake and strengthening of the mucus layer [31,32].”
BackgroundIntestinal Inflammation and Mucosal Barrier Function
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“bowel syndrome, metabolic syndrome, allergy, hepatic inflammation, septic shock, etc.(2) IBD comprises ulcerative colitis (UC)”
BackgroundGut microbiota in autism and mood disorders
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Stress and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Visceral Pain: Relevance to Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Fundamentals of Neurogastroenterology: Basic Science
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“Adapted with permission from Natividad et al.(46) MAMP, microbeassociated molecular pattern; PRR, pattern recognition receptors.”
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A critical review on the impacts of β-glucans on gut microbiota and human health
Jayachandran, M., Chen, J., Chung, S. S. M., & Xu, B. (2018) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.06.010 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“Apart from these specific health benefits, gut microbiota also offers several physiological support such as improving gut integrity [7], energy harvest [8], protect the host”
Exercise induction of gut microbiota modifications in obese, non-obese and hypertensive rats
Petriz, B. A., Castro, A. P., Almeida, J. A., Gomes, C. P., Fernandes, G. R., Kruger, R. H., Pereira, R. W., & Franco, O. L. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-511 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance
Clauss, M., Gérard, P., Mosca, A., & Leclerc, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.637010 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Cian, R., Drago, S., De Medina, F., & Martínez-Augustin, O. (2015) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md13085358 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“Interestingly, recent advances have also shown that systemic diseases, like metabolic syndrome, allergy, chronic kidney disease or hepatic inflammation, can be related to modifications in intestinal MBF [11–14].”
Feng, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, P., Song, H., & Wang, F. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218384 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“It has been reported that intestinal microbiota and its derived SCFAs are crucial to intestinal barrier integrity [20, 21].”
BackgroundLaval, L., Martín, R., Natividad, J. M., Chain, F., Miquel, S., de Maredsous, C. D., Capronnier, S., Sokol, H., Verdu, E. F., Vlieg, J. E. T. V. H., et al. (2014) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/19490976.2014.990784 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“The TJs are composed of transmembrane proteins occludins, claudins and Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM/F11r) that are linked to the actin cytoskeleton through Zonula Occludens (ZO) proteins.(5) To test the hypothesis of a DNBS-induced permeability due to an alteration of TJs and AJs levels, expression of the most re…”
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“tight junction assembly and epithelial cell renewal [31,32].”
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Gut Microbial Flora, Prebiotics, and Probiotics in IBD: Their Current Usage and Utility
Scaldaferri, F., Gerardi, V., Lopetuso, L. R., Zompo, F. D., Mangiola, F., Boškoski, I., Bruno, G., Petito, V., Laterza, L., Cammarota, G., et al. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/435268 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“In recent years several studies investigated the correlation between dysbiosis and intestinal and extraintestinal diseases, including immune system alteration, obesity, allergies, autoimmune diseases, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [14, 15].”
BackgroundGut Microbiota Resilience: Definition, Link to Health and Strategies for Intervention
Dogra, S. K., Dore, J. M., & Damak, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.572921 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Martín-Rodríguez, A., Ramos‐Campo, D. J., Redondo-Flórez, L., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14183809 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
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“However, a disruption of the composition of the gut microbiota will impact the host-microbial interactions and influence the intestinal physiology resulting in a diminished intestinal barrier function [10].”
BackgroundXia, J., Jin, C., Pan, Z., Sun, L., Fu, Z., & Jin, Y. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.053 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Dysbiosis Disrupts Gut Immune Homeostasis and Promotes Gastric Diseases
Toor, D., Wasson, M. K., Goel, C., Kaushik, N. K., Kaushik, N. K., Singh, S., Karthikeyan, G., Kumar, A., & Prakash, H. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20102432 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Interactions between gut microbiota and polyphenols: A mechanistic and metabolomic review
Cheng, H., Zhang, D., Wu, J., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Tan, Y., Feng, W., & Peng, C. Y. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154979 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
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Disturbances of the Gut Microbiota and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Hu, Y., Chen, Z., Xu, C., Kan, S., & Chen, D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14235140 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Gut microbiota dysbiosis can lead to a relative increase in opportunistic pathogens and the impairment of intestinal microbial barrier function, increasing intestinal permeability and opportunistic pathogen invasion and, thereby, inducing inflammatory responses in the colon [55].”
BackgroundGut microbiota promote liver regeneration through hepatic membrane phospholipid biosynthesis
Yin, Y., Sichler, A., Ecker, J., Laschinger, M., Liebisch, G., Höring, M., Basic, M., Bleich, A., Zhang, X.-J., Kuebelsbeck, L. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.12.028 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Miller, G. E., Engen, P. A., Gillevet, P. M., Shaikh, M. W., Sikaroodi, M., Forsyth, C. B., Mutlu, E., & Keshavarzian, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148952 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Microbiota-Immune Interaction in the Pathogenesis of Gut-Derived Infection
Wang, C., Li, Q., & Ren, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01873 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Trillions of commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can compete for adhesion sites with pathogens, and comprise the first line of defense against bacterial translocation (21).”
BackgroundZhao, J., Liu, P., Wu, Y., Guo, P., Liu, L., Ma, N., Levesque, C. L., Chen, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02545 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
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Quorum Sensing, Biofilm, and Intestinal Mucosal Barrier: Involvement the Role of Probiotic
Deng, Z., Luo, X., Liu, J., & Wang, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.538077 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“There is constant interaction between the epithelial cells and the gut microbiota, both of which have been implicated in the regulation of intestinal barrier function (Natividad and Verdu, 2013).”
BackgroundGut microbiota and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Virili, C., Fallahi, P., Antonelli, A., Benvenga, S., & Centanni, M. (2018) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-018-9467-y · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Ghosh, T., Beniwal, A., Semwal, A., & Navani, N. K. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00502 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Microbial markers in colorectal cancer detection and/or prognosis
Villéger, R., Lopès, A., Véziant, J., Gagnière, J., Barnich, N., Billard, E., Boucher, D., & Bonnet, M. (2018) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i22.2327 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
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“Studies have revealed that gut microbiota has the capacity to regulate the function of intestinal barrier by regulating intestinal epithelial cell renewal, influencing intestinal permeability, and modulating antimicrobial protein expression and the mucus layer [181].”
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“Indeed, several changes were observed in germ-free mice: reduced intestinal surface area, mostly due to shorter villi and reduced intestinal crypts, altered permeability with impaired traffic of macromolecules and ions as well as a reduction of mucus thickness (Natividad and Verdu, 2013).”
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“Changes in the intestinal microbiota have been correlated with alterations in the intestinal barrier in gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome [31].”
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“Mucus layer, produced by goblet cells, may vary in composition, fluidity, and electric properties [5].”
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“This is relevant, since the inflamed mucosal epithelium in these intestinal conditions is frequently characterized by the presence of ulceration and necrosis, and the restoration of the intestinal tissue implies the renovation of these cells, a process that requires an adequate protein supply through the diet [45].”
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“The physical barrier is formed by a mucus layer followed by a monolayer of epithelial cells (Denker and Nigam, 1998; Natividad and Verdu, 2013) performing the paracellular transport across the barrier controlled by apical junction proteins (Natividad and Verdu, 2013).”
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- Authors
- Natividad, J. M. M., & Verdu, E. F.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Verdu, Elena F.
- ORCID
- Verdu, Elena F.
- Venue
- Pharmacological Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-51
- ISSN
- 1043-6618 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149848289
- Cited by
- 525
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacological Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- intestinal barrier, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, commensal bacteria, host-microbe mutualism, obesity, allergy, autoimmunity, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal diseases, treatment options
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Intestines, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Metagenome
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