Epigenetic mechanisms in fear conditioning: Implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder
Open accessAbstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other anxiety disorders stemming from dysregulated fear memory are problematic and costly. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the formation and maintenance of these persistent fear associations is crucial to developing treatments for PTSD. Epigenetic mechanisms, which control gene expression to produce long-lasting changes in cellular function, may support the formation of fear memory underlying PTSD. We address here the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the formation, storage, updating, and extinction of fear memories. We also discuss methods of targeting these epigenetic mechanisms to reduce the initial formation of fear memory or to enhance its extinction. Epigenetic mechanisms may provide a novel target for pharmaceutical and other treatments to reduce aversive memory contributing to PTSD.
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Animal models have provided evidence for epigenetic mechanisms to shape cognitive processes and memory formation and to be involved in fear acquisition, consolidation and extinction as a preclinical model of anxiety-related phenotypes.
“Animal models have provided evidence for epigenetic mechanisms to shape cognitive processes and memory formation (Day & Sweatt, 2011;Halder et al., 2016;Levenson & Sweatt, 2005;Rudenko & Tsai, 2014) and to be involved in fear acquisition, consolidation and extinction as a preclinical model of anxiety-related phenotypes (Kwapis & Wood, 2014).”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Kwapis & Wood, 2014
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Mahan, A. L., Mou, L., Shah, N., Hu, J.-H., Worley, P. F., & Ressler, K. J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3308-11.2012 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Maddox, S. A., & Schafe, G. E. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2243411 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Control of the establishment of aversive memory by calcineurin and Zif268
Baumgärtel, K., Genoux, D., Welzl, H., Tweedie‐Cullen, R. Y., Koshibu, K., Livingstone-Zatchej, M., Mamie, C., & Mansuy, I. M. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2113 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
HDAC3 and the molecular brake pad hypothesis
McQuown, S. C., & Wood, M. A. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.04.005 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationLattal, K. M., & Wood, M. A. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3302 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationCiernia, A. V., & Wood, M. A. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationPrefrontal Activity Links Nonoverlapping Events in Memory
Gilmartin, M. R., Miyawaki, H., Helmstetter, F. J., & Diba, K. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0144-13.2013 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Maddox, S. A., Watts, C. S., & Schafe, G. E. (2013) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.029157.112 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
p300/CBP-Associated Factor Selectively Regulates the Extinction of Conditioned Fear
Wei, W., Coelho, C. M., Li, X., Marek, R., Yan, S., Anderson, S., Meyers, D., Mukherjee, C., Sbardella, G., Castellano, S., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0178-12.2012 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Long‐term stability of fear memory depends on the synthesis of protein but not mRNA in the amygdala
Parsons, R. G., Gafford, G. M., Baruch, D. E., Riedner, B. A., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04723.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fear extinction in rodents: basic insight to clinical promise.
Barad, M. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.10.005 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Marek, R., Coelho, C. M., Sullivan, R., Baker‐Andresen, D., Li, X., Ratnu, V. S., Dudley, K. J., Meyers, D. J., Mukherjee, C., Cole, P. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0133-11.2011 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Chang, S.-C., Koenen, K. C., Galea, S., Aiello, A. E., Soliven, R., Wildman, D. E., & Uddin, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039184 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Histone lysine methylation: critical regulator of memory and behavior
Jarome, T. J., & Lubin, F. D. (2013) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2013-0008 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Maddox, S. A., Watts, C. S., Doyère, V., & Schafe, G. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054463 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Maddox, S. A., Watts, C. S., & Schafe, G. E. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.008 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Does stress remove the HDAC brakes for the formation and persistence of long-term memory?
White, A. O., & Wood, M. A. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular brake pad hypothesis: pulling off the brakes for emotional memory
Vogel-Ciernia, A., & Wood, M. (2012) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2012-0050 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroduction to the special issue of Neurobiology of Learning and Memory on epigenetics and memory
Wood, M. A. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.04.013 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [11]Allis CD Epigenetics 2007 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
- [43]LeDoux JE Emotion circuits in the brain Annu. Rev. Neurosci 2000 23 155 184 10845062
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Epigenetics at the crossroads between genes, environment and resilience in anxiety disorders
Schiele, M. A., & Domschke, K. (2018) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12423 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Epigenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder: current evidence, challenges, and future directions
Zannas, A. S., Provençal, N., & Binder, E. B. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.003 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Schiele, M. A., Gottschalk, M. G., & Domschke, K. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101830 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Orexins and fear: Implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders
Flores, Á., Saravia, R., Maldonado, R., & Berrendero, F. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.06.005 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Inserra, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00330 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Raber, J., Arzy, S., Bertolus, J. B., Depue, B., Haas, H. E., Hofmann, S. G., Kangas, M., Kensinger, E., Lowry, C. A., Marusak, H. A., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
An integrated existential framework for trauma theory
Wilmshurst, K. (2021) · Canadian Social Work Review · doi:10.7202/1075115ar · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kwapis, J. L., & Wood, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wood, Marcelo A.
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 706-720
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4258434
- OpenAlex
- W2089485721
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG000096-31, T32AG000096)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH101491, R01MH081004, R01MH101491, MH81004)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031989, R01DA025922, DA 025922, DA 036984, DA031989, R01DA036984)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, fear conditioning, epigenetic mechanisms, fear memory, memory extinction, gene expression regulation, anxiety disorders, epigenetic drug targets, aversive memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Memory, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Epigenesis, Genetic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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