Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb

The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor

Ryberg, E., Larsson, N., Sjögren, S., Hjorth, S., Hermansson, N., Leonova, J., Elebring, T., Nilsson, K., Drmota, T., & Greasley, P. J. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460 · Cited by 1,568

Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents

Turner, C. E., Elsohly, M. A., & Boeren, E. G. (1980) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np50008a001 · Cited by 599

Cannabidiol—recent advances

Mechoulam, R., Peters, M., Murillo‐Rodriguez, E., & Hanuš, L. O. (2007) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790147 · Cited by 515

Inhibition of an equilibrative nucleoside transporter by cannabidiol: a mechanism of cannabinoid immunosuppression

Carrier, E. J., Auchampach, J. A., & Hillard, C. J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0511232103 · Cited by 497

Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action

Zuardi, A. W. (2008) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462008000300015 · Cited by 421

The non-psychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an orally effective therapeutic agent in rat chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain

Costa, B., Trovato, A. E., Comelli, F., Giagnoni, G., & Colleoni, M. (2007) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.006 · Cited by 395

Cannabidiol in vivo blunts β‐amyloid induced neuroinflammation by suppressing IL‐1β and iNOS expression

Esposito, G., Scuderi, C., Savani, C., Steardo, L., De Filippis, D., Cottone, P., Iuvone, T., Cuomo, V, & Steardo, L. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707337 · Cited by 308

Characterization of P-glycoprotein Inhibition by Major Cannabinoids from Marijuana

Zhu, H.-J., Wang, J.-S., Markowitz, J. S., Donovan, J. L., Gibson, B. B., Gefroh, H. A., & DeVane, C. L. (2006) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.098541 · Cited by 192

Neurobehavioral actions of cannabichromene and interactions with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Davis, W. M., & Hatoum, N. S. (1983) · General Pharmacology: The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(83)90004-6 · Cited by 67

Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.

Russo, E. B. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x · Cited by 1,535

Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia

Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.15 · Cited by 1,059

Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid‐enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes

De Petrocellis, L., Ligresti, A., Moriello, A. S., Allarà, M., Bisogno, T., Petrosino, S., Stott, C. G., & Di Marzo, V. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x · Cited by 946

Phytocannabinoids: a unified critical inventory

Hanuš, L. O., Meyer, S. M., Muñoz, E., Taglialatela-Scafati, O., & Appendino, G. (2016) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/c6np00074f · Cited by 844

The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa.

van Bakel, H., Stout, J. M., Cote, A. G., Tallon, C. M., Sharpe, A. G., Hughes, T. R., & Page, J. E. (2011) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r102 · Cited by 575

Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent

Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Alexandre S. Crippa, J. (2011) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/157488611798280924 · Cited by 558

Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders

Campos, A. C., Moreira, F. A., Gomes, F. V., Del Bel, E. A., & Guimarães, F. S. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0389 · Cited by 475

Challenges towards revitalizing hemp: A multifaceted crop

Schluttenhofer, C., & Yuan, L. (2017) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.004 · Cited by 348

The anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol on chronically stressed mice depends on hippocampal neurogenesis: involvement of the endocannabinoid system

Campos, A. C., Ortega, Z., Palazuelos, J., Fogaça, M. V., Aguiar, D. C., Díaz-Alonso, J., Ortega-Gutiérrez, S., Vázquez-Villa, H., Moreira, F. A., Guzmán, M., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145712001502 · Cited by 313

Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in {CNS} disorders.

Hill, A. J., Williams, C. M., Whalley, B. J., & Stephens, G. J. (2012) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.002 · Cited by 312

Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age

Crippa, J. A., Guimarães, F. S., Campos, A. C., & Zuardi, A. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02009 · Cited by 308

Cannabidiol: A Potential New Alternative for the Treatment of Anxiety, Depression, and Psychotic Disorders

García-Gutiérrez, M. S., Navarrete, F., Gasparyan, A., Austrich-Olivares, A., Sala, F., & Manzanares, J. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10111575 · Cited by 306

Why do cannabinoid receptors have more than one endogenous ligand?

Di Marzo, V., & De Petrocellis, L. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0382 · Cited by 290

Inverted U-Shaped Dose-Response Curve of the Anxiolytic Effect of Cannabidiol during Public Speaking in Real Life

Zuardi, A. W., Rodrigues, N. P., Silva, A. L., Bernardo, S. A., Hallak, J. E. C., Guimarães, F. S., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00259 · Cited by 294

The adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-like effects

van Amsterdam, J., Brunt, T., & van den Brink, W. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114565142 · Cited by 244

A critical review of the antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol: 30 years of a translational investigation

Waldo Zuardi, A., Alexandre S. Crippa, J., E.C. Hallak, J., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., Martin-Santos, R., K. McGuire, P., & Silveira Guimaraes, F. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212802884681 · Cited by 222

The Role of cannabinoids in neuroanatomic alterations in cannabis users.

Lorenzetti, V., Solowij, N., & Yücel, M. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.013 · Cited by 208

Oral Cannabidiol does not Alter the Subjective, Reinforcing or Cardiovascular Effects of Smoked Cannabis.

Haney, M., Malcolm, R. J., Babalonis, S., Nuzzo, P. A., Cooper, Z. D., Bedi, G., Gray, K. M., McRae-Clark, A., Lofwall, M. R., Sparenborg, S., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.367 · Cited by 206

Cannabidiol potentiates Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) behavioural effects and alters THC pharmacokinetics during acute and chronic treatment in adolescent rats

Klein, C., Karanges, E., Spiro, A., Wong, A., Spencer, J., Huynh, T., Gunasekaran, N., Karl, T., Long, L. E., Huang, X.-F., et al. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2342-0 · Cited by 206

Plastic and neuroprotective mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders

Campos, A. C., Fogaça, M. V., Scarante, F. F., Joca, S. R. L., Sales, A. J., Gomes, F. V., Sonego, A. B., Rodrigues, N. S., Galve-Roperh, I., & Guimarães, F. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00269 · Cited by 175

Beyond THC and Endocannabinoids

Pacher, P., Kogan, N. M., & Mechoulam, R. (2020) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021441 · Cited by 175

Endocannabinoid system, stress and HPA axis

Micale, V., & Drago, F. (2018) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.039 · Cited by 189

On disruption of fear memory by reconsolidation blockade: evidence from cannabidiol treatment

Stern, C. A. J., Gazarini, L., Takahashi, R. N., Guimarães, F. S., & Bertoglio, L. J. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.63 · Cited by 156

Effects of intra-prelimbic prefrontal cortex injection of cannabidiol on anxiety-like behavior: involvement of 5HT1A receptors and previous stressful experience

Fogaça, M. V., Reis, F. M. C. V., Campos, A. C., & Guimarães, F. S. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.012 · Cited by 153

Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse

Korpi, E. R., den Hollander, B., Farooq, U., Vashchinkina, E., Rajkumar, R., Nutt, D. J., Hyytiä, P., & Dawe, G. S. (2015) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.115.010967 · Cited by 148

Neuroprotective properties of cannabigerol in Huntington's disease: studies in R6/2 mice and 3-nitropropionate-lesioned mice

Valdeolivas, S., Navarrete, C., Cantarero, I., Bellido, M. L., Muñoz, E., & Sagredo, O. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0304-z · Cited by 143

Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behaviour: involvement of CB1 receptors

Casarotto, P. C., Gomes, F. V., Resstel, L. B. M., & Guimarães, F. S. (2010) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833b33c5 · Cited by 141

Cannabidiol protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from inflammation-induced apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress

Mecha, M., Torrao, A. S., Mestre, L., Carrillo-Salinas, F. J., Mechoulam, R., & Guaza, C. (2012) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2012.71 · Cited by 140

Cannabidiol blocks long-lasting behavioral consequences of predator threat stress: possible involvement of 5HT1A receptors

Campos, A. C., Ferreira, F. R., & Guimarães, F. S. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.012 · Cited by 139

Defining molecular glues with a dual-nanobody cannabidiol sensor

Cao, S., Kang, S., Mao, H., Yao, J., Gu, L., & Zheng, N. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28507-1 · Cited by 125

Mitigation of post‐traumatic stress symptoms by Cannabis resin: A review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence

Passie, T., Emrich, H. M., Karst, M., Brandt, S. D., & Halpern, J. H. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1377 · Cited by 117

Intra-dorsal periaqueductal gray administration of cannabidiol blocks panic-like response by activating 5-HT1A receptors

Soares, V. D. P., Campos, A. C., Bortoli, V. C. D., Zangrossi, H., Guimarães, F. S., & Zuardi, A. W. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.004 · Cited by 112

Extraction of cannabinoids from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using high pressure solvents: An overview of different processing options

Moreno, T., Montanes, F., Tallon, S. J., Fenton, T., & King, J. W. (2020) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104850 · Cited by 100

Cannabidiol injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis reduces the expression of contextual fear conditioning via 5-HT 1A receptors

Gomes, F. V., Reis, D. G., Alves, F. H., Corrêa, F. M., Guimarães, F. S., & Resstel, L. B. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110389095 · Cited by 97

Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, inhibits cocaine-induced seizures in mice: Possible role of the mTOR pathway and reduction in glutamate release

Gobira, P. H., Vilela, L. R., Gonçalves, B. D. C., Santos, R. P. M., de Oliveira, A. C., Vieira, L. B., Aguiar, D. C., Crippa, J. A., & Moreira, F. A. (2015) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.08.007 · Cited by 89

Cannabinoids: new promising agents in the treatment of neurological diseases.

Giacoppo, S., Mandolino, G., Galuppo, M., Bramanti, P., & Mazzon, E. (2014) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules191118781 · Cited by 79

Cannabidiol effects in the prepulse inhibition disruption induced by amphetamine

Pedrazzi, J. F. C., Issy, A. C., Gomes, F. V., Guimarães, F. S., & Del-Bel, E. A. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3945-7 · Cited by 76

Cannabidiol reduces host immune response and prevents cognitive impairments in Wistar rats submitted to pneumococcal meningitis

Barichello, T., Ceretta, R. A., Generoso, J. S., Moreira, A. P., Simões, L. R., Comim, C. M., Quevedo, J., Vilela, M. C., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.053 · Cited by 76

Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis

Filippini, G., Minozzi, S., Borrelli, F., Cinquini, M., & Dwan, K. (2022) · Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013444.pub2 · Cited by 75

Effects of intra-infralimbic prefrontal cortex injections of cannabidiol in the modulation of emotional behaviors in rats: Contribution of 5HT1A receptors and stressful experiences

Marinho, A. L. Z., Vila-Verde, C., Fogaça, M. V., & Guimarães, F. S. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.023 · Cited by 68

Cannabis and Anxiety: A Critical Review

Beletsky, A., Liu, C., Lochte, B., Samuel, N., & Grant, I. (2024) · Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids · doi:10.1159/000534855 · Cited by 53

Tapering opioids: a comprehensive qualitative review

Davis, M. P., Digwood, G., Mehta, Z., & McPherson, M. L. (2020) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm.2019.12.10 · Cited by 33

Cannabidiol administration into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alters cardiovascular responses induced by acute restraint stress through 5-HT1A receptor

Gomes, F. V., Alves, F. H. F., Guimarães, F. S., Correa, F. M. A., Resstel, L. B. M., & Crestani, C. C. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.09.007 · Cited by 27

Quais são e pra que servem os medicamentos à base de Cannabis?

Pamplona, F. A. (2014) · Revista da Biologia · doi:10.7594/revbio.13.01.05 · Cited by 20

Functional and Bioactive Characterization of Hemp Cake Proteins and Polyphenols from Non-Psychoactive Cannabis sativa

Quinteros, M., Wilcaso, P., Ribadeneira, C., & Vilcacundo, E. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13103184 · Cited by 3