Hormonal influences on sexually differentiated behavior in nonhuman primates.
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic behavior in nonhuman primates results from behavioral predispositions organized by prenatal androgens. The rhesus monkey has been the primary primate model for understanding the hormonal organization of sexually dimorphic behavior. Historically, female fetuses have received high prenatal androgen doses to investigate the masculinizing and defeminizing effects of androgens. Such treatments masculinized juvenile and adult copulatory behavior and defeminized female-typical sexual initiation to adult estrogen treatment. Testosterone and the nonaromatizable androgen, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, produced similar effects suggesting that estrogenic metabolites of androgens are not critical for masculinization and defeminization in rhesus monkeys. Long duration androgen treatments masculinized both behavior and genitalia suggesting that socializing responses to the females' male-like appearance may have produced the behavioral changes. Treatments limited to 35 days early or late in gestation differentially affected behavioral and genital masculinization demonstrating direct organizing actions of prenatal androgens. Recent studies exposed fetal females to smaller doses of androgens and interfered with endogenous androgens using the anti-androgen flutamide. Low dose androgen treatment only significantly masculinized infant vocalizations and produced no behavioral defeminization. Females receiving late gestation flutamide showed masculinized infant vocalizations and de…
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Juvenile social play behavior is influenced by neonatal estradiol and testosterone exposure.
“This difference is known to be influenced by neonatal estradiol and testosterone exposure, because manipulating these hormone levels can sex reverse differences in juvenile social play behavior in rats (6 -8) and nonhuman primates (9,10).”
From The Nuclear Receptor Corepressor Has Organizational Effects within the Developing Amygdala on Juvenile Social Play and Anxiety-Like Behavior (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Wallen, K.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wallen, Kim
- ORCID
- Wallen, Kim
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-26
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150398782
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH050268, R01 MH 50268, K02MH001062, K02-MH 01062)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00 165, P51 RR000165-440093, P51RR000165)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Keywords
- sexually dimorphic behavior, prenatal androgens, rhesus monkeys, masculinization, defeminization, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, flutamide, androgen receptor antagonists, social experience, neuroendocrine feedback, mating behavior, infant vocalizations
- MeSH terms
- Androgen Antagonists, Androgens, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Female, Flutamide, Genitalia, Female, Hormones, Macaca mulatta, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Primates, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Sex Characteristics, Sex Differentiation, Vocalization, Animal
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