Urinary oxytocin as a noninvasive biomarker of positive emotion in dogs
Abstract
A reliable assay based on physiological parameters that does not require subjective input from the owners is required to assess positive emotions in dogs. In addition, when viewed from an animal welfare perspective, physiological parameters should be collected in a noninvasive manner. Oxytocin (OT) is a biomarker that may be associated with a calm, relaxed state, and positive emotion. We measured the time-lapse in the concentration of plasma OT relative to urinary OT using a radioimmunoassay with sufficient sensitivity and low variability, and examined the relationship between OT and cortisol. Six dogs were injected with exogenous OT intravenously to increase the blood OT concentration. As a result, the highest concentration of urinary OT occurred 1h after the injection, although there was little change in urinary cortisol. Moreover, to evaluate the influence of stimuli on urinary OT and cortisol, we provided three stimuli of eating food, exercising and stroking, all of which were assumed to inspire a positive emotion in dogs, and significantly increased urinary OT concentrations. Our findings indicate that urinary OT might be useful as a noninvasive and objective biomarker of positive emotion in dogs.
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In dogs, a rise in oxytocin occurs following feeding.
“Another study with dogs also showed a rise in oxytocin following feeding (Mitsui et al., 2011).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Mitsui et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Mitsui, S., Yamamoto, M., Nagasawa, M., Mogi, K., Kikusui, T., Ohtani, N., & Ohta, M.
- Affiliations
- Azabu University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Mitsui, Shohei
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 239-243
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094877309
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- positive emotions, dogs, non-invasive biomarkers, plasma oxytocin, cortisol, animal welfare, food reward, physical activity, stroking
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Dogs, Eating, Emotions, Hydrocortisone, Male, Massage, Oxytocin, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Biomarkers
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