Validation of salivary oxytocin and vasopressin as biomarkers in domestic dogs
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Oxytocin (OT) and Vasopressin (AVP) are phylogenetically conserved neuropeptides with effects on social behavior, cognition and stress responses. Although OT and AVP are most commonly measured in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), these approaches present an array of challenges including concerns related to the invasiveness of sample collection, the potential for matrix interference in immunoassays, and whether samples can be collected at precise time points to assess event-linked endocrine responses. NEW METHOD: We validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the measurement of salivary OT and AVP in domestic dogs. RESULTS: Both OT and AVP were present in dog saliva and detectable by ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). OT concentrations in dog saliva were much higher than those typically detected in humans. OT concentrations in the same samples analyzed with and without sample extraction were highly correlated, but this was not true for AVP. ELISA validation studies revealed good accuracy and parallelism, both with and without solid phase extraction. Collection of salivary samples with different synthetic swabs, or following salivary stimulation or the consumption of food led to variance in results. However, samples collected from the same dogs using different techniques tended to be positively correlated. We detected concurrent elevations in salivary and plasma OT during nursing. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: There are currently no other validated methods for measuring OT/AVP in dog saliva. CONCLUSIONS: OT and AVP are present in dog saliva, and ELISAs for their detection are methodologically valid.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
EIA without extraction may be the most accurate assessment of OT in human blood plasma.
“This decision was based on tests for parallelism, spike-recovery, and cross-reactivity/specificity validating the present study’s EIA procedure and suggesting that EIA without extraction may constitute the most accurate assessment of OT in human blood plasma (Carter et al., 2009; MacLean et al., 2017; Lancaster et al., 2017).”
From Associations between oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) methylation, plasma oxytocin, and attachment across adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as MacLean et al., 2017
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT
Martin Bland, J., & Altman, D. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8 · Cited by 47,965 · see citing works
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality
Donaldson, Z. R., & Young, L. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158668 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002 · Cited by 1,572 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love
Sue Carter, C. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00055-9 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
Human-like social skills in dogs?
Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.003 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Neumann, I. D., & Landgraf, R. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.004 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Beetz, A., Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Julius, H., & Kotrschal, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00234 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptor distribution reflects social organization in monogamous and polygamous voles
Insel, T. R., & Shapiro, L. E. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.5981 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds
Nagasawa, M., Mitsui, S., En, S., Ohtani, N., Ohta, M., Sakuma, Y., Onaka, T., Mogi, K., & Kikusui, T. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1261022 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Neurophysiological Correlates of Affiliative Behaviour between Humans and Dogs
Odendaal, J. S. J., & Meintjes, R. A. (2003) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00237-x · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Vasopressin: Behavioral roles of an “original” neuropeptide
Caldwell, H. K., Lee, H.-J., Macbeth, A. H., & Young, W. S. (2008) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.007 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Feldman, R., Gordon, I., & Zagoory‐Sharon, O. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01021.x · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Survival of the Friendliest: <i>Homo sapiens</i> Evolved via Selection for Prosociality
Hare, B. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044201 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Oxytocin and autistic disorder: alterations in peptide forms
Green, L., Fein, D., Modahl, C., Feinstein, C., Waterhouse, L., & Morris, M. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01139-8 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Oxytocin, vasopressin and sociality
CARTER, C., GRIPPO, A., POURNAJAFINAZARLOO, H., RUSCIO, M., & PORGES, S. (2008) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00427-5 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Self-citationDog's gaze at its owner increases owner's urinary oxytocin during social interaction
Nagasawa, M., Kikusui, T., Onaka, T., & Ohta, M. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.12.002 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Oxytocin: Behavioral Associations and Potential as a Salivary Biomarker
SUE CARTER, C., POURNAJAFI‐NAZARLOO, H., KRAMER, K. M., ZIEGLER, T. E., WHITE‐TRAUT, R., BELLO, D., & SCHWERTZ, D. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1384.006 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Release of oxytocin and prolactin in response to suckling.
McNeilly, A. S., Robinson, I. C., Houston, M. J., & Howie, P. W. (1983) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.257 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Jong, T. R. D., Menon, R., Bludau, A., Grund, T., Biermeier, V., Klampfl, S. M., Jurek, B., Bosch, O. J., Hellhammer, J., & Neumann, I. D. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.027 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Oxytocin promotes social bonding in dogs
Romero, T., Nagasawa, M., Mogi, K., Hasegawa, T., & Kikusui, T. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1322868111 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Determination of parallelism and nonparallelism in bioassay dilution curves
Plikaytis, B. D., Holder, P. F., Pais, L. B., Maslanka, S., Gheesling, L. L., & Carlone, G. M. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.32.10.2441-2447.1994 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Urinary oxytocin as a noninvasive biomarker of positive emotion in dogs
Mitsui, S., Yamamoto, M., Nagasawa, M., Mogi, K., Kikusui, T., Ohtani, N., & Ohta, M. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.012 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Grewen, K. M., Davenport, R. E., & Light, K. C. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00968.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Detection of salivary oxytocin levels in lactating women
White‐Traut, R., Watanabe, K., Pournajafi‐Nazarloo, H., Schwertz, D., Bell, A., & Carter, C. S. (2009) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20376 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationKelly, A. M., & Goodson, J. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.005 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Methods of collection for salivary cortisol measurement in dogs
Dreschel, N. A., & Granger, D. A. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.09.010 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Physiological reactions to fear provocation in dogs
Hydbring-Sandberg, E., von Walter, L., Höglund, K., Svartberg, K., Swenson, L., & Forkman, B. (2004) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1800439 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Dogs' endocrine and behavioural responses at reunion are affected by how the human initiates contact
Rehn, T., Handlin, L., Uvnäs‐Moberg, K., & Keeling, L. J. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.009 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
MacLean, E. L., Herrmann, E., Suchindran, S., & Hare, B. A. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Proteomics tools reveal startlingly high amounts of oxytocin in plasma and serum
Brandtzaeg, O. K., Johnsen, E., Røberg‐Larsen, H., Seip, K. F., MacLean, E. L., Gesquiere, L. R., Leknes, S., Lundanes, E., & Wilson, S. R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31693 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Oxytocin is not a valid biomarker when measured in saliva by immunoassay
Horvat-Gordon, M., Granger, D. A., Schwartz, E. B., Nelson, V. J., & Kivlighan, K. T. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.01.007 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of salivary cortisol measurement in domestic canines
Cobb, M., Iskandarani, K., Chinchilli, V. M., & Dreschel, N. A. (2016) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.04.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Wood, L. H., Ducroq, D., Fraser, H. L., Gillingwater, S., Evans, C., Pickett, A., Rees, D. W., John, R., & Turkes, A. (2008) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/acb.2007.007119 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W., & Light, K. C. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.007 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Altstein, M., & Gainer, H. (1988) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-11-03967.1988 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sex and species differences in plasma oxytocin using an enzyme immunoassay
Kramer, K. M., Cushing, B. S., Carter, C. S., Wu, J., & Ottinger, M. A. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z04-098 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Oxytocin induces positive expectations about ambivalent stimuli (cognitive bias) in dogs
Kis, A., Hernádi, A., Kanizsàr, O., Gácsi, M., & Topál, J. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.12.004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Hernandez, C. E., Thierfelder, T., Svennersten‐Sjaunja, K., Berg, C., Orihuela, A., & Lidfors, L. (2014) · Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · doi:10.1186/s13028-014-0061-3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Oliva, J. L., Rault, J., Appleton, B., & Lill, A. (2015) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0843-7 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Paczuska, J., Kiełbowicz, Z., Nowak, M., Antończyk, A., CIAPUTA, R., & Nicpoń, J. (2014) · Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · doi:10.1186/1751-0147-56-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The social neuroscience of human-animal interaction.
(2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14856-000 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Intranasal administration of oxytocin promotes social play in domestic dogs
Romero, T., Nagasawa, M., Mogi, K., Hasegawa, T., & Kikusui, T. (2015) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.1080/19420889.2015.1017157 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Thielke, L. E., & Udell, M. A. R. (2015) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12235 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cross‐species comparison of mammalian saliva using an LC–MALDI based proteomic approach
de Sousa-Pereira, P., Cova, M., Abrantes, J., Ferreira, R., Trindade, F., Barros, A. S., Gomes, P., Colaço, B., Amado, F., Esteves, P., et al. (2015) · Proteomics · doi:10.1002/pmic.201400083 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Endogenous Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Aggression in Domestic Dogs
MacLean, E. L., Gesquiere, L. R., Gruen, M. E., Sherman, B. L., Martin, W. L., & Carter, C. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01613 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Dogs hijack the human bonding pathway
MacLean, E. L., & Hare, B. A. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aab1200 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
McCann, S. J., Gillingwater, S., & Keevil, B. G. (2005) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/0004563053492775 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Association of salivary-assessed oxytocin and cortisol levels with time of night and sleep stage
Blagrove, M., Fouquet, N. C., Baird, A. L., Pace-Schott, E. F., Davies, A. C., Neuschaffer, J. L., Henley, J., Weidemann, C. T., Thome, J., McNamara, P., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0880-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Correlation of plasma and salivary oxytocin in healthy young men - experimental evidence.
Javor, A., Riedl, R., Kindermann, H., Brandstätter, W., Ransmayr, G. N., & Gabriel, M. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Galeandro, L., Sieber‐Ruckstuhl, N. S., Riond, B., Hartnack, S., Hofmann‐Lehmann, R., Reusch, C. E., & Boretti, F. S. (2014) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.12399 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms underlying human-animal interaction: An evolutionary perspective.
Carter, C. S., & Porges, S. W. (2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14856-006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Oxytocin improves the ability of dogs to follow informative pointing: a neuroemotional hypothesis
Macchitella, L., Stegagno, T., Giaconella, R., di Sorrentino, E. P., Schino, G., & Addessi, E. (2016) · RENDICONTI LINCEI · doi:10.1007/s12210-016-0579-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chapter 14 The cell biology and development of vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons
Gainer, H., Altstein, M., & Whitnall, M. H. (1987) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60204-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Advancing the social neuroscience of human-animal interaction: The role of salivary bioscience.
Dreschel, N. A., & Granger, D. A. (2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14856-012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Is oxytocin “nature’s medicine”
Carter, C. S., Kenkel, W. M., MacLean, E. L., Wilson, S. R., Perkeybile, A. M., Yee, J. R., Ferris, C. F., Nazarloo, H. P., Porges, S. W., Davis, J. M., et al. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.120.019398 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Challenges for measuring oxytocin: the blind men and the elephant?
MacLean, E. L., Wilson, S. R., Martin, W. L., Davis, J. M., Nazarloo, H. P., & Carter, C. S. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.018 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The Oxytocin–Vasopressin Pathway in the Context of Love and Fear
Carter, C. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00356 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Fine, A. H., Beck, A. M., & Ng, Z. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203997 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Martin, J., Kagerbauer, S. M., Gempt, J., Podtschaske, A., Hapfelmeier, A., & Schneider, G. (2018) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12596 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Cerón, J. M. C., Contreras-Aguilar, M. D., Escribano, D., Martínez-Miró, S., López-Arjona, M., Ortín-Bustillo, A., Franco‐Martínez, L., Rubio, C. P., Muñoz-Prieto, A., Tvarijonaviciute, A., et al. (2022) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03176-w · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Effects of Affiliative Human–Animal Interaction on Dog Salivary and Plasma Oxytocin and Vasopressin
MacLean, E. L., Gesquiere, L. R., Gee, N. R., Levy, K., Martin, W. L., & Carter, C. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01606 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Plasencia, G., Luedicke, J., Pournajafi‐Nazarloo, H., Carter, C. S., & Ebner, N. C. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104419 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ebner, N. C., Lin, T., Muradoglu, M., Weir, D. H., Plasencia, G. M., Lillard, T. S., Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H., Cohen, R. A., Sue Carter, C., & Connelly, J. J. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.01.008 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Salivary oxytocin in pigs, cattle, and goats during positive human-animal interactions
Lürzel, S., Bückendorf, L., Waiblinger, S., & Rault, J. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104636 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mortazavi, H., Yousefi‐Koma, A., & Yousefi‐Koma, H. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-03902-w · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Brief mindfulness session improves mood and increases salivary oxytocin in psychology students
Bellosta‐Batalla, M., Blanco-Gandía, M. C., Rodríguez‐Arias, M., Cebolla, A., Pérez‐Blasco, J., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2942 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Acute phase proteins, saliva and education in laboratory science: an update and some reflections
Cerón, J. M. C. (2019) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-019-1931-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Oxytocin in saliva of pigs: an assay for its measurement and changes after farrowing
López-Arjona, M., Mateo, S. V., Manteca, X., Escribano, D., Cerón, J. M. C., & Martı́nez-Subiela, S. (2019) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106384 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effects of Stroking on Salivary Oxytocin and Cortisol in Guide Dogs: Preliminary Results
Ogi, A., Mariti, C., Baragli, P., Sergi, V., & Gazzano, A. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10040708 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The State of Assessment in Human-Animal Interaction Research
Rodriguez, K. E., Guérin, N. A., Gabriels, R. L., Serpell, J., Schreiner, P., & O’Haire, M. (2018) · Human-animal interaction bulletin · doi:10.1079/hai.2018.0022 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Participatory Art Activities Increase Salivary Oxytocin Secretion of ASD Children
Tanaka, S., Komagome, A., Iguchi-Sherry, A., Nagasaka, A., Yuhi, T., Higashida, H., Rooksby, M., Kikuchi, M., Arai, O., Minami, K., et al. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10100680 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Commentary on the Contemporary Issues Confronting Animal Assisted and Equine Assisted Interactions
Fine, A. H., & Andersen, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103436 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Theory of mind as a link between oxytocin and maternal behavior
MacKinnon, A., Carter, C. S., Feeley, N., Gold, I., Hayton, B. C., Santhakumaran, S., & Zelkowitz, P. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.018 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Csoltova, E., & Mehinagic, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02131 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yuhi, T., Kyuta, H., Mori, H.-A., Murakami, C., Furuhara, K., Okuno, M., Takahashi, M., Fuji, D., & Higashida, H. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7110152 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yuhi, T., Ise, K., Iwashina, K., Terao, N., Yoshioka, S., Shomura, K., Maehara, T., Yazaki, A., Koichi, K., Furuhara, K., et al. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8110101 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Miller, S. L., Serpell, J. A., Dalton, K. R., Waite, K. B., Morris, D. O., Redding, L. E., Dreschel, N. A., & Davis, M. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.844252 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bellosta‐Batalla, M., Blanco-Gandía, M. C., Rodríguez‐Arias, M., Cebolla, A., Pérez‐Blasco, J., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01316-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Salivary Studies of the Social Neuroscience of Human–Animal Interaction
Pendry, P., & Vandagriff, J. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35784-9_23 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Munesue, S., Liang, M., Harashima, A., Zhong, J., Furuhara, K., Boitsova, E. B., Михайлович, Ч. С., Gerasimenko, M., Yuhi, T., Yamamoto, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12963 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Oxytocin System and Implications for Oxytocin Deficiency in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disease
Aulinas, A., & Lawson, E. A. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaf008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Circulating levels of oxytocin may be elevated in complicated grief: a pilot study
Bui, É., Hellberg, S. N., Hoeppner, S. S., Rosencrans, P. L., Young, A., Ross, R., Hoge, E. A., & Simon, N. M. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1646603 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Jeong, Y.-K., Oh, Y.-I., Song, K., & Seo, K. (2020) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02555-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Moscovice, L. R., Gimsa, U., Otten, W., & Eggert, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.899397 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rubin, L. H., Li, S., Li, Y., Keedy, S., Reilly, J. L., Hill, S. K., Bishop, J. R., Carter, C. S., Pournajafi‐Nazarloo, H., Drogos, L. L., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Leeds, A., Dennis, P. M., Lukas, K. E., Stoinski, T. S., Willis, M. A., & Schook, M. W. (2018) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0678-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Schaebs, F. S., Marshall‐Pescini, S., Range, F., & Deschner, T. (2019) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.05.015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pirrone, F., Pierantoni, L., Bossetti, A., Uccheddu, S., & Albertini, M. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9121033 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Discussions and perspectives regarding oxytocin as a biomarker in human investigations
Mera, J. C. C., Molano, M. A. C., López, C. C. G., Triana, C. A., & Cotrina, J. A. M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08289 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Fujioka, T., Fujisawa, T. X., Inohara, K., Okamoto, Y., Matsumura, Y., Tsuchiya, K. J., Katayama, T., Munesue, T., Tomoda, A., Wada, Y., et al. (2020) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-020-00287-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Albantakis, L., Brandi, M., Brückl, T. M., Gebert, D., Auer, M. K., Kopczak, A., Stalla, G. K., Neumann, I. D., & Schilbach, L. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100027 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Oxytocin measurements in saliva: an analytical perspective
López-Arjona, M., Botia, M., Martı́nez-Subiela, S., & Cerón, J. M. C. (2023) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-023-03661-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Simple LC-MS Method for the Quantification of Oxytocin in Dog Saliva
Wang, L. A., Marti, D. W., & Anderson, R. E. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24173079 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Influence of Oxytocin on Maternal Care in Lactating Dogs
Ogi, A., Mariti, C., Pirrone, F., Baragli, P., & Gazzano, A. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11041130 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Oxytocin and cortisol concentrations in urine and saliva in response to physical exercise in humans
Wirobski, G., Crockford, C., Deschner, T., & Neumann, I. D. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107144 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Damián, J. P., Bengoa, L., Pessina, P., Martínez-Miró, S., & Fumagalli, F. (2018) · Open Veterinary Journal · doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i3.1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
López-Arjona, M., Mateo, S. V., Escribano, D., Tecles, F., Cerón, J. M. C., & Martı́nez-Subiela, S. (2020) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106498 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Comes‐Fayos, J., Blanco-Gandía, M. C., Moreno, I. R., Rodríguez‐Arias, M., Lila, M., Sarrate‐Costa, C., Romero‐Martínez, Á., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105644 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Inaccuracies in plasma oxytocin extraction and enzyme immunoassay techniques
Gan, H.-W., Leeson, C., Aitkenhead, H., & Dattani, M. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2023.100188 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mun, J., Navarro, N., Jeong, S., Ouassil, N., Leem, E., Beyene, A. G., & Landry, M. P. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2314795121 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wirobski, G., Schaebs, F. S., Range, F., Marshall-Pescini, S., & Deschner, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92356-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gandenberger, J., Flynn, E., Moratto, E., Wendt, A., & Morris, K. N. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12050651 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Biomarkers of reproductive health in wildlife and techniques for their assessment
Ghosal, R., Edwards, K. L., Chiarelli, T. L., Fanson, K. V., Ganswindt, A., Keeley, T., Koester, D. C., Roberts, B. M., Majelantle, T. L., Wauters, J., et al. (2023) · Theriogenology Wild · doi:10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100052 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Acute changes in oxytocin predict behavioral responses to foundation training in horses
Niittynen, T., Riihonen, V., Moscovice, L. R., & Koski, S. E. (2022) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105707 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cobb, M., Jiménez, A. G., & Dreschel, N. A. (2025) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2025.2572616 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Salivary stress markers in dogs: Potential markers of acute stress
Kooriyama, T., & Ogata, N. (2021) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.10.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hill, J. R., Ziviani, J. M., Cawdell-Smith, J. A., & Driscoll, C. (2019) · Open Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.4236/ojped.2019.93020 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Changes in salivary oxytocin after stroking in dogs: Validation of two assays for its assessment
López-Arjona, M., Mateo, S. V., Cerón, J. M. C., & Martı́nez-Subiela, S. (2021) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hoy-Gerlach, J., Vincent, A., Scheuermann, B. W., & Ojha, M. U. (2022) · Human-animal interaction bulletin · doi:10.1079/hai.2022.0016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mengoli, M., Oliva, J. L., Mendonça, T., Chabaud, C., Arroub, S., Lafont‐Lecuelle, C., Cozzi, A., Pageat, P., & Bienboire‐Frosini, C. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11092594 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Background to Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) Research
Beck, A. M., Barker, S. B., Gee, N. R., Griffin, J. A., & Johnson, R. A. (2018) · Human-animal interaction bulletin · doi:10.1079/hai.2018.0015 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Lactating Dogs
Ogi, A., Naef, V., Santorelli, F. M., Mariti, C., & Gazzano, A. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11113099 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of human-animal interaction on salivary and urinary oxytocin in children and dogs
Gnanadesikan, G. E., King, K. M., Carranza, E., Flyer, A. C., Ossello, G., Smith, P. G., Steklis, N. G., Steklis, H. D., Carter, C. S., Connelly, J. J., et al. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107147 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Salivary oxytocin and amygdalar alterations in functional neurological disorders
Weber, S., Stoffel, N., Ansede‐Bermejo, J. J., Cruz, R., Bolt, Á. D. R., Bruckmaier, R. M., Carracedo, Á., & Aybek, S. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae455 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Comes‐Fayos, J., Romero‐Martínez, Á., Moreno, I. R., Blanco-Gandía, M. C., Rodríguez‐Arias, M., Lila, M., Blasco‐Ros, C., Bressanutti, S., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137897 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Social Attachment Between Children and Pet Dogs
Reilly, O. T., Somerville, L. H., & Hecht, E. E. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14203036 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Pilot Study of Oxytocin in Low-Income Women With a Low Birth-Weight Infant
Garfield, L., Holditch‐Davis, D., Carter, C. S., McFarlin, B. L., Seng, J. S., Giurgescu, C., & White‐Traut, R. C. (2019) · Advances in Neonatal Care · doi:10.1097/anc.0000000000000601 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sotelo, C. K., Shropshire, S. B., Quimby, J. M., Simpson, S., Gustafson, D. L., & Zersen, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jvp.13087 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Early Life Trauma and Social Processing in HIV: The Role of Neuroendocrine Factors and Inflammation
Rubin, L. H., Bhattacharya, D., Fuchs, J., Matthews, A., Abdellah, S., Veenhuis, R. T., Langenecker, S. A., Weber, K. M., Nazarloo, H. P., Keating, S. M., et al. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001124 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hill, J. R., Driscoll, C., Cawdell-Smith, J. A., Anderson, S. T., & Ziviani, J. M. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13121965 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid response to naturalistic interactions between children and dogs
Gnanadesikan, G. E., Carranza, E., King, K. M., Flyer, A. C., Ossello, G., Smith, P. G., Steklis, N. G., Steklis, H. D., Connelly, J. J., Barnett, M. A., et al. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105523 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jung, Y., Yang, K.-Y., & Yoon, M. (2025) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106937 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mateo, S. V., Contreras-Aguilar, M. D., López-Jornet, P., Jiménez-Reyes, P., Cerón, J., Tvarijonaviciute, A., & Martínez-Subiela, S. (2019) · Microchemical journal (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2019.104159 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A monoclonal antibody raised against a synthetic oxytocin peptide stains mouse hypothalamic neurones
Kogami, Y., Tsuji, T., Tsuji, C., Yokoyama, S., Furuhara, K., Lopatina, O. L., Shabalova, A. A., Salmina, A. B., Watanabe, Y., Hattori, T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12815 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The need for a reliable oxytocin assay
Poljak, A., & Sachdev, P. S. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01114-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sunahara, C. S., Zelkowitz, P., Bolger, N. P., Sadikaj, G., Samuel, S., Gold, I., Hayton, B. C., Feeley, N., Carter, C. S., & Bartz, J. A. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.04.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Oxytocin-Trust Link in Oxytocin-Sensitive Participants and Those Without Autistic Traits
Kurokawa, H., Kinari, Y., Okudaira, H., Tsubouchi, K., Sai, Y., Kikuchi, M., Higashida, H., & Ohtake, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.659737 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Do Service Dogs for Veterans with PTSD Mount a Cortisol Response in Response to Training?
van Houtert, E. A. E., Endenburg, N., Rodenburg, T. B., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11030650 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Is oxytocin a trust hormone? Salivary oxytocin is associated with caution but not with general trust
Shou, Q., Yamada, J., Nishina, K., Matsunaga, M., Kiyonari, T., & Takagishi, H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267988 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chang, H., Zhang, J., Huang, H.-T., Aviles-Rosa, E., Huang, H.-W., Guo, Y., Xiao, Z., Liu, Q.-S., Deng, B.-C., & Zhang, L.-N. (2025) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106524 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Moscovice, L. R., Sobczak, B., Niittynen, T., Koski, S. E., & Gimsa, U. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1370557 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Clegg, S. R., & Millson, S. H. (2021) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2021.160002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rigby, B. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1303354 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Salivary oxytocin after play with parents predicts behavioural problems in preschool children
Torres, N., Martins, D., Monteiro, L., dos Santos, A. J., Vaughn, B. E., & Veríssimo, M. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105609 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Do pet dogs reciprocate the receipt of food from familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics?
McGetrick, J., Fux, L., Schullern‐Schrattenhofen, J., Rault, J., & Range, F. (2024) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.13430 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Association between salivary oxytocin levels and the amygdala and hippocampal volumes
Shou, Q., Yamada, J., Nishina, K., Matsunaga, M., Matsuda, T., & Takagishi, H. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-022-02543-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neave, H. W., Rault, J., Jensen, E. H., & Jensen, M. B. (2024) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106429 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dog–Owner Relationship and Its Association with Social Cognition in French Bulldogs
Peterca, L., Gobbo, E., & Šemrov, M. Z. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15010017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jadav, M. M., Karmbir, & Joshi, V. (2025) · Acta Veterinaria Hungarica · doi:10.1556/004.2025.01192 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Association Between Peripheral Oxytocin Levels and Depressive Symptoms in People With HIV
Shortell, D. D., Rubin, L. H., Murphy, A. J., Cohen, R. A., & Porges, E. C. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001122 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Salivary Bioscience and Research on Animal Welfare and Conservation Science
Staley, M., & Miller, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35784-9_28 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AVPR1A distribution in the whole C57BL/6J mouse neonate
Day, K. R., Coleman, A., Greenwood, M. A., & Hammock, E. A. D. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71392-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Navarro, N., Jeong, S., Ouassil, N., Mun, J., Leem, E., & Landry, M. P. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511026 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Salivary oxytocin and anxiety in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
Kunitake, Y., Imamura, Y., Kunitake, H., Ohishi‐Fukuchi, J., Tateishi, H., Matsushima, J., Murakawa‐Hirachi, T., Kojima, R., Shiraishi, T., Orihashi, R., et al. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107502 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Scoping Review on Salivary Oxytocin and Vasopressin Measurement in the Dog
Santis, M. D., Soncin, M., Bertazzo, V., Martelli, L., Fornasiero, D., Mutinelli, F., & Contalbrigo, L. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15162421 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Strengthening the Foundation of Human–Animal Interaction Research
McCune, S., Kruger, K. A., Griffin, J. A., Esposito, L. E., Bures, R. M., Hurley, K. J., & Gee, N. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815395-6.00032-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Validation of two immunoassays for oxytocin measurements in human saliva
López-Arjona, M., Cerón, J. M. C., Mateo, S. V., Contreras-Aguilar, M. D., & Martı́nez-Subiela, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297539 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schroers, M., Juhasz, A., Zablotski, Y., & Meyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2024) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106148 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Examining the Trajectory of Human–Animal Interaction Research
Gee, N. R., & Wells, D. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22346-4.00006-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Salivary Oxytocin Has Nonlinear Relationships with Trust and Reciprocity
Arai, S., Watabe, M., Kanari, K., Shou, Q., Krüeger, F., & Takagishi, H. (2023) · Games · doi:10.3390/g14010017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Salivary Oxytocin Is Negatively Associated With Religious Faith in Japanese Non-Abrahamic People
Yamada, J., Nakawake, Y., Shou, Q., Nishina, K., Matsunaga, M., & Takagishi, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705781 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Physiologic stress and its effect on health and welfare
Bain, M. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-8214-6.00016-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leeds, A., Dennis, P. M., Lukas, K. E., Stoinski, T. S., Willis, M. A., & Schook, M. W. (2018) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0651-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
RetractedSalivary Biomarkers in Welfare Studies
Escribano, D., & Tecles, F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37681-9_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- MacLean, E. L., Gesquiere, L. R., Gee, N., Levy, K., Martin, W. L., & Carter, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Duke University (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- Canine Companions for Independence (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacLean, Evan L.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 293
- Pages
- 67-76
- ISSN
- 0165-0270 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2951357445
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 16.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- salivary oxytocin, dogs, biomarkers, ELISA validation, neuropeptides, stress response, saliva collection methods, solid-phase extraction, plasma oxytocin
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Dogs, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Lactation, Male, Oxytocin, Saliva, Mass Spectrometry, Vasopressins, Biomarkers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
