Associations between physical activity, sedentary time, sleep duration and daytime sleepiness in US adults
Abstract
Objective To examine the associations between objectively measured physical activity (PA) or sedentary behavior and self-reported sleep duration or daytime sleepiness in a nationally representative sample of healthy US adults (N=2128).Methods We report analyses of four aspects of sedentary behavior and PA derived from accelerometry data (minutes of sedentary time, activity counts/minute, Minutes of Moderate and Vigorous PA [MVPA], and MVPA in 10-minute bouts) versus self-report of sleep duration and frequency of daytime sleepiness from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Results Age and sex dependence of associations between PA and sleep were observed. Aspects of PA were significantly lower in adults reporting more frequent daytime sleepiness in younger (20-39) and older (≥ 60) age groups, but not in middle-aged (40-59), respondents. In younger respondents, PA increased with sleep duration, but in middle aged and older respondents PA was either unrelated to sleep duration or lower in those reporting ≥ 8 h of sleep. Objectively measured sedentary time showed limited evidence of associations with sleep duration.Conclusions Further research delineating the relationships between sleep and PA is important because both activities have been implicated in diverse health outcomes as well as in the etiology of obesity.
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Higher levels of physical activity were observed in younger and middle-aged women who achieved at least 8 hours of sleep per day.
“Higher levels of physical activity were observed in younger and middle-aged women who achieved at least 8 hours of sleep per day [18].”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
Higher levels of physical activity have been positively associated with sleep duration in younger and middle-aged men, but showed a curvilinear relationship in those aged 60 years or older.
“For example, higher levels of physical activity have been positively associated with sleep duration in younger and middle-aged men, but showed a curvilinear relationship in those aged 60 years or older [18].”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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“Major factors associated with EDS are older age [9], short sleep duration [10], low physical activity [11], obesity [12], sleep apnea [3], depression [13], diabetes [14], and kidney disease [15].”
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Relationship Between Sedentary Time and Sleep Duration Among Korean Adolescents
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BackgroundIs sleep duration associated with overweight/obesity in Indigenous Australian adults?
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“A more recent study, utilizing a nationally representative sample of healthy US adults, showed an inverse association between accelerometry-assessed PA and EDS, with the link being more pronounced among those aged 20–39 and 60+years compared with their middle-aged counterparts [24].”
BackgroundResultCultural beliefs affecting sleep duration
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The Effects of Physical Activity on Sleep among Adolescents and Adults: A Narrative Review
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“Of them, 6 were non-pertinent [5,17-21], 2 had no precise measure of sleep [22,23], 2 had no precise measure of physical activity [24,25], and 11 had a methodology that did not respect the above inclusion and exclusion criteria [26-36].”
Lower physical activity is associated with daytime sleepiness in children aged 9–12 years
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“, 2007) and improved with higher amounts of physical activity (McClain et al., 2014).”
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“There is evidence that MVPA is associated with favorable sleep duration and quality (Loprinzi & Cardinal, 2011; McClain et al., 2014).”
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“…affect an individuals’ energy intake and expenditure resulting in obesity (Taheri, 2006; Bayon et al., 2014), and perhaps also low physical activity (McClain et al., 2014), skipping breakfast (Kim et al., 2011), high coffee/tea intake (Cheng et al., 2012), and low fruit, vegetable intake (Tu et…”
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“In the other study, PA increased with sleep duration in young-aged participants, but PA was either lower in those reporting more than 8 h of sleep or unrelated to sleep duration in middle-aged and older participants [8].”
What are the important risk factors for excessive daytime sleepiness in a population‐based cohort?
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“A high BMI and lifestyle factors such as low physical activity have previously been associated with increased daytime sleepiness (Dixon et al., 2007; Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2015; McClain et al., 2014).”
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“The sample is representative of the wider US population in terms of prevalence of depression [34], mean fasting plasma glucose [35], BMI [36], and average daily time spent sedentary [37].”
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“Consequently, beyond being an effector or outcome in intervention studies, sleep duration is related to physical activity (McClain et al., 2014; Mendelson et al., 2016).”
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“Some studies found no association between sleep duration and physical activity (Kline et al., 2017; McClain et al., 2014); some found a positive association (Kredlow et al., 2015; Štefan et al., 2018).”
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“For the 2015–2018 NHANES survey cycle sample, models 1 and 2 were carried out by adding sex, survey number, and anxiolytic use as a covariate [47, 48].”
Effect of nocturia on next-day sedentary activity in adults with type 2 diabetes
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“This finding is in agreement with data from previous work, where physically active individuals were less likely to report sleep disturbances and daytime tiredness (McClain et al., 2014; Tu et al., 2012).”
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“…the association between habitual physical activity and sleep characteristics (Gubelmann et al., 2018; Kline et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2013; McClain et al., 2014; Sp ¨ orndly-Nees et al., 2017), and mostly they relied on self-reported physical activity and sleep (Kline et al., 2013; Lang…”
Sleep and lifestyle in young adult monozygotic twin pairs discordant for body mass index
Berntzen, B. J., Paavonen, E. J., Rissanen, A., Kaprio, J. A., & Pietiläinen, K. H. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.04.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Association between self-reported sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk in corporate executives
Pienaar, P. R., Roden, L. C., Boot, C. R. L., van Mechelen, W., Twisk, J. W. R., Lambert, E. V., & Rae, D. E. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01739-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Determinants of Daytime Sleepiness Among Middle-Aged Adults
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“Similar findings were reported in a nationally representative sample of healthy U.S. adults, in which an inverse relationship between MVPA and selfreported daytime sleepiness was observed only in younger and older age groups, but not in middle-aged adults (McClain et al., 2014).”
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“In addition, physical activity has also been confirmed to have a strong association with healthy sleep (27), moderate-to-high intensity physical activity has a significant preventive effect on insufficient sleep and sleep disturbance (28–30).”
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“Sleep deprivation and poor physical activity habits severely impact quality of life [26].”
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Exercise for Older People With Mental Illness
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“In the general population, an analysis using NHANES data reported a quadratic relationship between aerobic MVPA and sleep duration 25 .”
MethodPatterns of Sleep Duration and Metabolic Biomarkers Across the Menstrual Cycle
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Parental Report of Physical Activity and Sleep in Individuals with Down Syndrome
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“This is different from the research by McClain (2014), which state that there's an interface between physical activity and EDS [18].”
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“A review of the literature identified several factors associated with sleep duration and sleep quality; gender [16], age [17], negative affectivity [18], diet [19], daytime nap [20] [21], and activities of daytime [22] [23].”
BackgroundRelationships Between Sleep and Self-Care in Type 2 Diabetes: An Ecological Momentary Perspective
Zhu, B. (2018) · Figshare
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Premenstrual Syndrome in Female College StudentsPreprint
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“have poor diet quality; and in some age groups, reduced sleep is associated with lower physical activity levels [3,4].”
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Lounassalo, I., Hirvensalo, M., Palomäki, S. H., Salin, K., Tolvanen, A. J., Pahkala, K., Rovio, S., Fogelholm, M., Yang, X., Hutri-Kähönen, N., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14252248
- Authors
- McClain, J. J., Lewin, D. S., Laposky, A. D., Kahle, L., & Berrigan, D.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Children's National (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Information Management Services (US)
- Corresponding author
- McClain, James J.
- Venue
- Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 66
- Pages
- 68-73
- ISSN
- 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051114916
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 6.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, age differences, sex differences, accelerometry, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, United States, Exercise, Young Adult, Sedentary Behavior, Accelerometry
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