Reallocating time to sleep, sedentary behaviors, or active behaviors: associations with cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, NHANES 2005–2006
Abstract
Sleep and sedentary and active behaviors are linked to cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, and across a 24-hour day, increasing time in 1 behavior requires decreasing time in another. We explored associations of reallocating time to sleep, sedentary behavior, or active behaviors with biomarkers. Data (n = 2,185 full sample; n = 923 fasting subanalyses) from the cross-sectional 2005-2006 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The amounts of time spent in sedentary behavior, light-intensity activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were derived from ActiGraph accelerometry (ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, Florida), and respondents reported their sleep duration. Isotemporal substitution modeling indicated that, independent of potential confounders and time spent in other activities, beneficial associations (P < 0.05) with cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers were associated with the reallocation of 30 minutes/day of sedentary time with equal time of either sleep (2.2% lower insulin and 2.0% lower homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function), light-intensity activity (1.9% lower triglycerides, 2.4% lower insulin, and 2.2% lower homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function), or MVPA (2.4% smaller waist circumference, 4.4% higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 8.5% lower triglycerides, 1.7% lower glucose, 10.7% lower insulin, and 9.7% higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity. These findings provide evidence that MVPA may be the most potent health-enhancing, time-dependent behavior, with additional benefit conferred from light-intensity activities and sleep duration when reallocated from sedentary time.
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The models' fit to the data was in line with previous reports, with moderate amount of variance explained for systolic blood pressure (R2 adj = 0.21), HDL (R2 adj = 0.22), CRP (R2 adj = 0.26), plasma glucose (R2 adj = 0.33), insulin (R2 adj = 0.40) and HOMA (R2 adj = 0.42).
“The models’ fit to the data was in line with previous reports [1,6,10,14–17], with moderate amount of variance explained for systolic blood pressure (R2 adj = 0.21), HDL (R2 adj = 0.22), CRP (R2 adj = 0.26), plasma glucose (R2 adj = 0.33), insulin (R2 adj = 0.40) and HOMA (R2 adj = 0.42).”
The study addresses two important gaps in the literature: the dearth of information about the combined effect of sleep, SB, LIPA and MVPA on health, and the need for a solution to study the relationship between health and time budgets without spurious correlations and collinearity.
“In our view, this study addresses two important gaps in the literature. First, it contributes to mitigate the dearth of information about the combined effect of sleep, SB, LIPA and MVPA on health [14,27]. Second, it provides a solution to study the relationship between health and time budgets without encountering issues of spurious correlations and collinearity [8].”
This was not reported previously by analysis of this wave of NHANES but is consistent with evidence that long sleep duration are generally associated with worse health outcomes.
“This was not reported previously by analysis of this wave of NHANES [14] but it is consistent with evidence that long sleep duration are generally associated with worse health outcomes [50–53].”
This is in stark contrast with results using isotemporal substitution with this same data set and others which reported much higher and symmetric effects.
“This is in stark contrast with results using isotemporal substitution with this same data set [14] and others [27] which reported much higher and symmetric effects.”
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- Authors
- Buman, M. P., Winkler, E. A. H., Kurka, J. M., Hekler, E. B., Baldwin, C. M., Owen, N., Ainsworth, B. E., Healy, G. N., & Gardiner, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Buman, Matthew P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-12-06
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-334
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2126972762
- Cited by
- 427
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 16
- FWCI
- 22.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Arizona State University
- Monash University
- Curtin University of Technology
- State Government of Victoria
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1003960, 569861, 1000986, 569940)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- sleep duration, sedentary behavior, physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, time reallocation, insulin, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, accelerometry
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Nutrition Surveys, Risk Factors, Sleep, Time Factors, Triglycerides, Models, Statistical, Biomarkers, Waist Circumference, Sedentary Behavior, Self Report, Accelerometry
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