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Comparison of the elastic and yield properties of human femoral trabecular and cortical bone tissue
Abstract
The ability to determine trabecular bone tissue elastic and failure properties has biological and clinical importance. To date, trabecular tissue yield strains remain unknown due to experimental difficulties, and elastic moduli studies have reported controversial results. We hypothesized that the elastic and tensile and compressive yield properties of trabecular tissue are similar to those of cortical tissue. Effective tissue modulus and yield strains were calibrated for cadaveric human femoral neck specimens taken from 11 donors, using a combination of apparent-level mechanical testing and specimen-specific, high-resolution, nonlinear finite element modeling. The trabecular tissue properties were then compared to measured elastic modulus and tensile yield strain of human femoral diaphyseal cortical bone specimens obtained from a similar cohort of 34 donors. Cortical tissue properties were obtained by statistically eliminating the effects of vascular porosity. Results indicated that mean elastic modulus was 10% lower (p<0.05) for the trabecular tissue (18.0+/-2.8 GPa) than for the cortical tissue (19.9+/-1.8 GPa), and the 0.2% offset tensile yield strain was 15% lower for the trabecular tissue (0.62+/-0.04% vs. 0.73+/-0.05%, p<0.001). The tensile-compressive yield strength asymmetry for the trabecular tissue, 0.62 on average, was similar to values reported in the literature for cortical bone. We conclude that while the elastic modulus and yield strains for trabecular tissue are just slightly lower than those of cortical tissue, because of the cumulative effect of these differences, tissue strength is about 25% greater for cortical bone.
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“Results from this approach place the elastic modulus of human trabecular tissue at approximately 10% less, tensile yield strain at 15% less, and tensile/compressive tissue strength at 25% less than that of cortical bone (142).”
From Bone Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Diseased States (2018) · cites this paper as [142]
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“6% [22, 23] in this case.”
Comparison of non-invasive assessments of strength of the proximal femur
Jóhannesdóttir, F., Thrall, E., Muller, J. A., Keaveny, T. M., Kopperdahl, D. L., & Bouxsein, M. (2017) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.023 · Cited by 105
Self-citationFalcinelli, C., Schileo, E., Balistreri, L., Baruffaldi, F., Bordini, B., Viceconti, M., Albisinni, U., Ceccarelli, F., Milandri, L., Toni, A., et al. (2014) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.038 · Cited by 104
“04% compressive) in the ROI external surface [28].”
BackgroundDall’Ara, E., Fernández, M. P., Palanca, M., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Materials · doi:10.3389/fmats.2017.00031 · Cited by 102
“This would be feasible, for example, when strain measurements are used to classify between bone strained below or above yield [7,000–10,000με (Bayraktar et al., 2004)].”
BackgroundVarga, P., Hesse, B., Langer, M., Schrof, S., Männicke, N., Suhonen, H., Pacureanu, A., Pahr, D. H., Peyrin, F., & Raum, K. (2014) · Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology · doi:10.1007/s10237-014-0601-9 · Cited by 101
A comparison of cortical and trabecular bone from C57 Black 6 mice using Raman spectroscopy
Goodyear, S. R., Gibson, I. R., Skakle, J. M. S., Wells, R. P. K., & Aspden, R. M. (2009) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.008 · Cited by 99
“The elastic properties of both bone types have been measured using nanoindentation [15,16], acoustic microscopy [17] or both [18], or back-calculated by comparing experimental results with finite element predictions [19].”
MethodVerhulp, E. E., van Rietbergen, B., Müller, R., & Huiskes, R. (2008) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.02.032 · Cited by 99
“A tissue Young’s modulus of 20GPa, as suggested by several recent studies (Niebur et al., 2000; Bayraktar et al., 2004), would have resulted in yield strains that are about a factor 3 less than reported here and bring it in the same range as reported in these earlier studies.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialChen, Y., Dall’Ara, E., Sales, E., Manda, K., Wallace, R. J., Pankaj, P., & Viceconti, M. (2016) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.09.014 · Cited by 99
The Modified Super-Ellipsoid Yield Criterion for Human Trabecular Bone
Bayraktar, H. H., Gupta, A. K., Kwon, R. Y., Papadopoulos, P., & Keaveny, T. M. (2004) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.1763177 · Cited by 99
“83%) were assigned to all specimens [24].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationMicrostructural Failure Mechanisms in the Human Proximal Femur for Sideways Fall Loading
Nawathe, S., Akhlaghpour, H., Bouxsein, M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.2033 · Cited by 98
Self-citationWolfram, U., Wilke, H., & Zysset, P. K. (2010) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.02.026 · Cited by 95
Chen, T. L., Wong, D. W., Wang, Y. S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.007 · Cited by 95
Dopico-González, C., New, A., & Browne, M. (2009) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.039 · Cited by 95
“…and hence it was neglected for the present study; some studies have suggested the use of strainbased failure criteria as fracture predictors (Wong et al., 2001; Kopperdahl, 1999; Schileo et al., 2007; Morgan and Keaveny, 2001; Bayraktar et al., 2004), similar to that adopted in the present work.”
ResultGraphene oxide as a scaffold for bone regeneration
Holt, B. D., Wright, Z. M., Arnold, A. M., & Sydlik, S. A. (2016) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.1437 · Cited by 94
“It is estimated that cortical bone is up to 25% stronger than less dense, more porous cancellous bone.(22) Seemingly, the mineral component of bone provides stiffness while the more compliant collagen assemblies give bone viscoelasticity(23) and improves its toughness.”
BackgroundA survey of micro-finite element analysis for clinical assessment of bone strength: The first decade
van Rietbergen, B., & Ito, K. (2014) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.024 · Cited by 94
Mechanics of additively manufactured porous biomaterials based on the rhombicuboctahedron unit cell
Hedayati, R., Sadighi, M., Aghdam, M. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.07.013 · Cited by 94
Palanca, M., Tozzi, G., Cristofolini, L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4030174 · Cited by 92
“Such an error is one order of magnitude lower than the failure strain of bone tissue (7000 microstrain in tension, 10000 microstrain in compression, [26]).”
BackgroundMicro finite element analysis of dental implants under different loading conditions
Marcián, P., Wolff, J., Horáčková, L., et al. (2018) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.03.012 · Cited by 91
Hedayati, R., Sadighi, M., Aghdam, M. M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Mechanical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.11.033 · Cited by 90
Post-yield and failure properties of cortical bone
Wolfram, U., & Schwiedrzik, J. J. (2016) · BoneKEy Reports · doi:10.1038/bonekey.2016.60 · Cited by 95
“Repetitive loading experiments11 showed that a previous compressive overload deteriorates the tensile elastic and post-elastic properties, Table 1 Macroscopic strength values for human cortical bone Source d n Age Range in years Test condition Test direction Loading mode ey in % sy in MPa eu in % su in MPa Post-yield…”
InfluentialMulti-scale modelling of elastic moduli of trabecular bone
Hamed, E., Jasiuk, I., Yoo, A. C., Lee, Y., & Liszka, T. (2012) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0814 · Cited by 90
Liu, X. S., Bevill, G. R., Keaveny, T. M., Sajda, P., & Guo, X.-D. E. (2008) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.10.035 · Cited by 89
“…in computational simulations on a whole vertebral body that vertical trabeculae generally carry most of the load compared to the transverse ones (Bayraktar et al., 2004a; Homminga et al., 2004), and quantitatively confirmed by a recent study that the axially aligned trabeculae play an essential…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFemoral shaft strains during daily activities: Implications for atypical femoral fractures
Martelli, S., Pivonka, P., & Ebeling, P. R. (2014) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.08.001 · Cited by 88
“Therefore, the combination of tensile loads, to which bone is most susceptible (Bayraktar et al., 2004), and increased bone fragility that may be associated with long-term anti-resorptive therapy (Shane et al., 2013) may be an important co-factor in creating a favorable environment for AFFs.”
BackgroundEvaluation of macrostructural bone biomechanics
Beaupied, H., Lespessailles, É., & Benhamou, C.-L. (2007) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.01.019 · Cited by 93
Anisotropic mode-dependent damage of cortical bone using the extended finite element method (XFEM)
Feerick, E. M., Liu, X., & McGarry, P. (2013) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.12.004 · Cited by 86
“Additionally, the present study implements alternate strengths in tension and compression, as motivated by previous experimental results for cortical bone (Bayraktar et al., 2004; Mercer et al., 2006).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Bayraktar, H. H., Morgan, E. F., Niebur, G. L., Morris, G. E., Wong, E. K., & Keaveny, T. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bayraktar, Harun H.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomechanics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-35
- ISSN
- 0021-9290 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089968363
- Cited by
- 1,142
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 13.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Biomechanics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- University of California, San Francisco
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR-43784, R01AR043784, AR41481)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Elasticity and Material Modeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone fractures and treatments
- Keywords
- trabecular bone, cortical bone, femoral neck, elastic modulus, yield strain, tensile yield strength, compressive yield strength, finite element analysis
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cadaver, Computer Simulation, Elasticity, Femur Head, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Sensitivity and Specificity, Statistics as Topic, Stress, Mechanical, Tensile Strength, Reproducibility of Results, Weight-Bearing, Compressive Strength, In Vitro Techniques
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