Cited by 205Sleep and related disordersObstructive Sleep Apnea ResearchSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

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Insomnia in Central Pennsylvania

Bixler, E.O, Vgontzas, A.N, Lin, H.-M, Vela-Bueno, A, Kales, A·2002·Journal of Psychosomatic Research

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Abstract

Objective Establish the association between insomnia and various physical and mental health symptoms as well as objective measures of sleep disturbance while controlling for age, gender and BMI in a large random sample of the general public.Methods A subsample (N=1741) was selected for a single-night sleep laboratory evaluation from a larger random sample (N=16,583) of the general public (20-100 years old).Results The prevalence of insomnia was 7.5% and difficulty sleeping an additional 22.4%. The complaints were more frequent in women and in non-Caucasian minorities. A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that depression was the single strongest factor followed by female gender associated with either insomnia or difficulty sleeping. Minority status and a history of colitis, hypertension and anemia were also associated, but to a lesser degree. The final model did not include age, BMI as well as any of the sleep laboratory findings.Conclusion These findings support the conclusion that mental health variables have the primary independent association with a complaint of insomnia. Other factors including minorities and hypertension are also independently associated, though to a lesser degree. Other primary sleep disorders, e.g., sleep apnea, do not seem to play a major role in insomnia. These findings underscore the fact that insomnia is a symptom associated with a wide variety of mental and physical health problems requiring a proper psychiatric and medical management.

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Authors: Bixler, E. O., Vgontzas, A. N., Lin, H.-M., Vela-Bueno, A., & Kales, A.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author: Bixler, E.O
ORCID: Vgontzas, A.N
Lin, H.-M
Venue: Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-07
Volume: 53
Issue: 1
Pages: 589-592
ISSN: 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00450-6
OpenAlex: W2151564752
Cited by: 205
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 15.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL040916, HL40916, R01HL051931, HL51931)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords: insomnia, sleep disorders, prevalence, depression, sex differences, racial minorities, hypertension, colitis, anemia, primary sleep disorders, sleep apnea, central Pennsylvania
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Catchment Area, Health, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Pennsylvania, Prevalence, Polysomnography

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