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Cited by 523Sleep and related disordersHealth disparities and outcomesSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study

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Hale, Lauren, Do, D. Phuong·2007·SLEEP
DOI 10.1093/sleep/30.9.1096PMC PMC1978399
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Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic differences in sleep duration are not well understood. Research shows that short (< or =6 hours) and long (> or =9 hours) sleepers have higher mortality risks than mid-range sleepers. We investigated whether sleep duration varies by racial and ethnic characteristics and if some of these associations may be explained by residential context. DESIGN: Cross-sectional National Health Interview Survey. SETTING: Non-institutionalized adults living in the United States in 1990. PARTICIPANTS: 32,749 people aged 18 years or older. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS: We estimate a multinomial logistic regression that predicts short, mid-range, and long sleep duration; including covariates for race/ethnicity, among other demographic, health, and neighborhood characteristics. Black respondents had an increased risk of being short and long sleepers (OR=1.41, 95% CI=1.27-1.57 and OR=1.62, 95% CI=1.40-1.88, respectively) relative to white respondents. Hispanics (excluding Mexican Americans) and non-Hispanic "Others" were also associated with increased risk of short sleeping (OR=1.26, 95% CI= 1.07-1.49 and OR=1.35, 95% CI= 1.11-1.64, respectively). Living in an inner city was associated with increased risk of short sleeping and reduced risk of long sleeping, compared to non-urban areas. Some of the higher risk of short sleeping among blacks can be explained by higher prevalence of blacks living in the inner city. CONCLUSIONS: Blacks and other racial minorities are more likely to have sleep durations that are associated with increased mortality. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that unhealthy sleep patterns among minorities may contribute to health differentials.

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  • Many other studies have shown increased prevalence of habitual short sleep duration among racial/ethnic minority groups.

    “These findings are mirrored in many other studies, which have shown increased prevalence of habitual short sleep duration among racial/ethnic minority groups(221-225).”

    From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [225]

  • Neighborhoods that are crime-ridden, not socially cohesive, and dirty are associated with worse sleep quality.

    “Several studies have investigated the role of the neighborhood in an individual’s sleep quality, showing that neighborhoods that are crime-ridden, not socially cohesive, and dirty, are associated with worse sleep quality.224–227”

    From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [224]

  • Black/African-Americans are more likely to be long sleepers.

    “Also, data from Hale and Do showed that black/African-Americans were also more likely to be long sleepers (Hale & Do, 2006).”

    From Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? (2014) · cites this paper as Hale & Do, 2007

  • Factors such as noise, ambient light, and crowding within an urban environment may underlie some of the ethnic differences in sleep duration.

    “Hale and Do (67) similarly reported that factors such as noise, ambient light, and crowding within an urban environment may underlie some of the ethnic differences in sleep duration.”

    From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [67]

  • Non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, low levels of socioeconomic status, depression, and cardiovascular disease and diabetes are associated with both long and short sleep duration.

    “our results show that non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity (23), low levels of socioeconomic status (7,35), depression (6, 7), and cardiovascular disease and diabetes (1, 2) are associated with both long and short sleep duration.”

    From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [23]

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A. Insom- nia in central Pennsylvania. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:589-92.

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Authors
Hale, L., & Do, D. P.
Affiliations
Stony Brook University (US)
Corresponding author
Hale, Lauren
ORCID
Hale, Lauren
Venue
SLEEP
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2007-09
Volume
30
Issue
9
Pages
1096-1103
ISSN
  • 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
  • 1550-9109
DOI
10.1093/sleep/30.9.1096
PMC
PMC1978399
OpenAlex
W258404884
Cited by
523
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 26
FWCI
19.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • SLEEP (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords
sleep duration, racial differences, ethnic differences, short sleepers, long sleepers, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, neighborhood context, health disparities, mortality risk, National Health Interview Survey
MeSH terms
Activity Cycles, Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethnicity, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Leisure Activities, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Deprivation, United States, Health Behavior, Confidence Intervals, Linear Models, Odds Ratio, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, White People

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