Insomnia with Objective Short Sleep Duration is Associated with a High Risk for Hypertension
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the joint effect of insomnia and objective short sleep duration on hypertension risk. DESIGN: Representative cross-sectional study. SETTING: Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: 1,741 men and women randomly selected from central Pennsylvania. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS: Insomnia was defined by a complaint of insomnia with a duration > or = 1 year, while poor sleep was defined as a complaint of difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or early final awakening. Polysomnographic sleep duration was classified into 3 categories: > or = 6 h sleep (top 50% of the sample); 5-6 h (approximately the third quartile of the sample); and < or = 5 h (approximately the bottom quartile of the sample). Hypertension was defined based either on blood pressure measures or treatment. We controlled for age, race, sex, body mass index, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, depression, sleep disordered breathing (SDB), and sampling weight. RESULTS: Compared to the normal sleeping and > 6 h sleep duration group, the highest risk of hypertension was in insomnia with < 5 h sleep duration group (OR [95% CI] 5.1 [2.2, 11.8]), and the second highest in insomnia who slept 5-6 hours (OR 3.5 [1.6, 7.9] P < 0.01). The risk for hypertension was significantly higher, but of lesser magnitude, in poor sleepers with short sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia with short sleep duration is associated with increased risk of hypertension, to a degree comparable to that of other common sleep disorders, e.g., SDB. Objective sleep duration may predict the severity of chronic insomnia a prevalent condition whose medical impact has been apparently underestimated.
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Lower quality or quantity of sleep is linked to poorer physical health, including elevated risks for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and early mortality.
“A substantial body of evidence indicates that lower quality or quantity of sleep is linked to poorer physical health,20–22 including elevated risks for cardiovascular disease,23 hypertension,24 and early mortality.25”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Insomnia complaints combined with short sleep duration are thought to be particularly harmful for health outcomes.
“insomnia complaints when combined with short sleep duration are thought to be particularly caustic for health outcomes (Vgontzas et al, 2009(Vgontzas et al, , 2013;;Irwin, 2015).”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Vgontzas et al, 2009
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Espie, C. A., Luik, A. I., Cape, J., Drake, C. L., Siriwardena, A. N., Ong, J. C., Gordon, C., Bostock, S., Hames, P., Nisbet, M., et al. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1364-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Habitual Khat and Concurrent Khat and Tobacco Use Are Associated With Subjective Sleep Quality
Nakajima, M., Dokam, A., Kasim, A. N., Alsoofi, M., Khalil, N. S., & al’Absi, M. (2014) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd11.130234 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Insomnia as a cardiometabolic risk factor
Grandner, M. A., & Perlis, M. L. (2013) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.2288 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vgontzas, A. N., Liao, D., Bixler, E. O., Chrousos, G. P., & Vela-Bueno, A.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Vgontzas, Alexandros N.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 491-497
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC2663863
- OpenAlex
- W1770765878
- Cited by
- 748
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 54.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pennsylvania State University
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01 51931, R01 64415, R01 40916)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- insomnia, short sleep duration, hypertension risk, polysomnography, sleep duration, poor sleep quality, sleep disorders, chronic insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Pennsylvania, Risk Factors, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Deprivation, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Polysomnography
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