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Cited by 1,071Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisOcular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration

Smith, Wayne, Assink, Jacqueline, Klein, Ronald, Mitchell, Paul, Klaver, Caroline C.W, Klein, Barbara E.K, Hofman, Albert, Jensen, Susan, Wang, Jie Jin, de Jong, Paulus T.V.M·2001·Ophthalmology
DOI 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00580-7
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Abstract

Objective To assess the prevalence and potential risk factors for late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in three racially similar populations from North America, Europe, and AUSTRALIA:Design Combined analysis of population-based eye disease prevalence data.Participants There were 14,752 participants with gradable photographs from the Beaver Dam Eye Study (n = 4756), Rotterdam Study (n = 6411), and Blue Mountains Eye Study (n = 3585).Main outcome measures AMD diagnosis was made from masked grading of stereo macular photographs. Final classification of AMD cases was agreed by consensus between study investigators.Results AMD prevalence was strongly age related. Overall, AMD was present in 0.2% of the combined population aged 55 to 64 years, rising to 13% of the population older than 85 years. Prevalence of neovascular AMD (NV) increased from 0.17% among subjects aged 55 to 64 years to 5.8% for those older than 85 years. Prevalence of pure geographic atrophy (GA) increased from 0.04% to 4.2% for these age groups. There were no significant gender differences in the prevalence of NV or GA. Subjects in the Rotterdam population had a significantly lower age-adjusted and smoking-adjusted risk of NV than subjects in the Beaver Dam and Blue Mountains populations. Apart from age, tobacco smoking was the only risk factor consistently associated with any form of AMD in all sites separately and in pooled analyses over the three sites.Conclusions These combined data from racially similar communities across three continents provide strong and consistent evidence that tobacco smoking is the principal known preventable exposure associated with any form of AMD.

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Metadata

Authors
Smith, W., Assink, J., Klein, R., Mitchell, P., Klaver, C. C. W., Klein, B. E. K., Hofman, A., Jensen, S., Wang, J. J., & de Jong, P. T. V. M.
Affiliations
  • Australian National University (AU)
  • Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author
Mitchell, Paul
ORCID
Venue
Ophthalmology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2001-04
Volume
108
Issue
4
Pages
697-704
ISSN
0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00580-7
OpenAlex
W1543801259
Cited by
1,071
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 60
FWCI
11.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, prevalence, risk factors, smoking, age, gender differences, Beaver Dam Eye Study, Rotterdam Study, Blue Mountains Eye Study, cross-population comparison
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, New South Wales, Risk Factors, Smoking, Wisconsin, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

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