The morbidity of insomnia uncomplicated by psychiatric disorders
Open accessAbstract
The morbidity of sleep problems has been well documented; however, they are frequently associated with and are symptomatic of several psychiatric disorders. It is unclear how much of the morbidity can be accounted for by the associated psychiatric and substance abuse disorders and medical problems, and how much by the sleep problems per se. Sleep problems may also be an early sign of a psychiatric problem. This paper reports data from an epidemiologic community survey of over 10,000 adults living in three U.S. communities. A structured diagnostic assessment of psychiatric disorders as well as assessment of the presence of insomnia not due to medical conditions, medication, drug or alcohol abuse, and a 1-year follow-up were completed. Persons with insomnia in the past year without any psychiatric disorders ever (uncomplicated insomnia); with a psychiatric disorder in the past year (complicated insomnia); and with neither insomnia nor psychiatric disorders ever were compared on treatment utilization and the first onset of a psychiatric disorder in the subsequent year. Eight percent of those with uncomplicated as compared with 14.9% with complicated insomnia and 2.5% with neither had sought treatment from the general medical sector for emotional problems in the 6 months prior to the interview. The rates of treatment sought from the psychiatric specialty sector were 3.8%, 9.4%, and 1.2%, respectively. These differences were significant after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and were sustained when the persons were interviewed 1 year later. Uncomplicated insomnia was also associated with an increase in risk for first onset of major depression, panic disorder, and alcohol abuse over the following year. Insomnia, even in the absence of psychiatric disorders, is associated with increased use of general medical and mental health treatment for emotional problems and for the subsequent first onset in the following year of some psychiatric disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated insomnia may be useful.
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Insomnia can be a risk factor for the development of depression.
“In addition, it also demonstrates that insomnia can be a risk factor for the development of depression [51].”
From Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia (2012) · cites this paper as [51]
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ResultCognitive-behavioral therapy for primary insomnia
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“Weissman et al. (1997) reanalyzed the Epidemiologic Catchment Area data and included only adults without a psychiatric disorder at wave 1 (n 5240).”
MethodInsomnia as predictor versus outcome of PTSD and depression among Iraq combat veterans
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“Interestingly, although tea or coffee drinking had been suggested as a risk factor for insomnia [21,22], we observed that in women, frequent tea or coffee drinking had a paradoxically lower risk of insomnia.”
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Sleep problems and substance use in adolescence
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“Sleep problems may be early indicators of increased risk for psychiatric problems and substance use/abuse among adolescents, a possibility suggested in studies of adults (Breslau et al., 1996; Weissman et al., 1997; Eaton et al., 1995) and in studies of adolescents (Price et al.”
BackgroundSleep Disturbance Immediately Prior to Trauma Predicts Subsequent Psychiatric Disorder
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Searching for the daytime impairments of primary insomnia
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“7,8 Symptoms may be transient but are often stable and persistent,1 and when untreated are associated with increased morbidity.(9)”
BackgroundAlcohol Dependence and Its Relationship With Insomnia and Other Sleep Disorders
Chakravorty, S., Chaudhary, N. S., & Brower, K. J. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13217 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Sleep disturbance has been shown to predict subsequent alcohol consumption in adolescents and adults (Breslau et al., 1996; Ford and Kamerow, 1989; Weissman et al., 1997; Wong et al., 2004, 2010, 2015).”
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Sleep and circadian functioning: critical mechanisms in the mood disorders?
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“Finally, Weissman et al. (1997) reported the results of a community survey conducted across three communities in the United States.”
ResultTrouble sleeping and anxiety/depression in childhood
Johnson, E. O., Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00145-1 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
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Sleep Disturbance in Bipolar Disorder: Therapeutic Implications
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Sleep disturbances and mood disorders: An epidemiologic perspective
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Bidirectional relationship between sleep and depression
Yasugaki, S., Okamura, H., Kaneko, A., & Hayashi, Y. (2023) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2023.04.006 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
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Sleep in the Military: Promoting Healthy Sleep Among U.S. Servicemembers
Troxel, W., Shih, R. A., Pedersen, E. R., Geyer, L., Fisher, M., Griffin, B. A., Haas, A. C., Kurz, J., & Steinberg, P. S. (2015) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-05-02-19 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“…health conditions, such as PTSD, depression, and traumatic brain injury (TBI), and that sleep difficulties can also precipitate the development of mental health conditions and disorders, including an increased risk of suicide (Breslau et al., 1996; Taylor et al., 2005; Weissman et al., 1997).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of sleep disorders
Partinen, M. (2010) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52006-7.00018-6 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Childhood sleep problems, early onset of substance use and behavioral problems in adolescence
Wong, M. M.-H., Brower, K. J., & Zucker, R. A. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.06.015 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
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Sleep disturbance in mental health problems and neurodegenerative disease
Anderson, K. N., & Bradley (2013) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s34842 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Book Review: Insomnia following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review
Ouellet, M., Savard, J., & Morin, C. M. (2004) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968304271405 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Sleep problems and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Wojnar, M., Ilgen, M. A., Wojnar, J., McCammon, R. J., Valenstein, M. M., & Brower, K. J. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.07.006 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Several general population surveys indicate that less than 4% of individuals with uncomplicated insomnia report having received any psychiatric treatment in the prior 6 months (Weissmann et al., 1997).”
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Smith, M. T., & Pigeon, W. R. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50067-7 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Etiologies of Associations Between Childhood Sleep and Behavioral Problems in a Large Twin Sample
Gregory, A. M., Eley, T. C., O’Connor, T. G., & Plomin, R. J. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi/0000122798.47863.a5 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Effect of sleep apnea on cognition and mood
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Circadian rhythms and depression: Human psychopathology and animal models
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“Generalized sleep disturbances are demonstrated to be associated with the development of depression [e.g., (Breslau et al., 1996; Dryman and Eaton, 1991; Mallon et al., 2000; Weissman et al., 1997)].”
BackgroundNutt, D. J., & Stahl, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881109106927 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Insomnia in the presence of psychiatric disorders imposes a significant extra burden on patients, who make greater use of healthcare services than patients with either of these conditions alone (Weissman et al., 1997).”
BackgroundWong, M. M., Brower, K. J., Nigg, J. T., & Zucker, R. A. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01178.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“This relationship holds even when the analyses were performed on adults without a psychiatric disorder at Time 1 (N = 5,340; Weissman et al., 1997).”
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Prospective Associations of Insomnia Markers and Symptoms With Depression
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Insomnia, depression and aging. Assessing sleep and mood interactions in older adults.
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History of the Development of Sleep Medicine in the United States
Shepard, J., Buysse, D. J., Chesson, A. L., Dement, W. C., Goldberg, R., Guilleminault, C., Harris, C., Iber, C., Mignot, E. J.-M., Mitler, M. M., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26298 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Sleep difficulty in women at midlife: a community survey of sleep and the menopausal transition *
Kravitz, H. M., Ganz, P. A., Bromberger, J. T., Powell, L. H., Sutton‐Tyrrell, K., & Meyer, P. (2003) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/00042192-200301000-00005 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Edinger, J. D., Means, M. K., Carney, C. E., & Krystal, A. D. (2008) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.5.599 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
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Sleep Disturbance Influences Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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“A US national study (N 5 18,571) found that only 5% of people over 18 report insomnia, using a mental health definition (14).”
BackgroundInsomnia and depression: a multifaceted interplay
Manber, R., & Chambers, A. S. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0066-1 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The conclusion holds true in the absence of a psychiatric disorder at time 1 [ 33 ], across various age groups [34,35], and among pregnant women [36].”
BackgroundPrevalence, Correlates, and Predictors of Insomnia in the US Army prior to Deployment
Taylor, D. J., Pruiksma, K. E., Hale, W. J., Kelly, K., Maurer, D., Peterson, A. L., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., & Williamson, D. E. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.6156 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Wong, M. M.-H., Robertson, G. C., & Dyson, R. B. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12618 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Growing literature suggests that sleep difficulties and insomnia are important risk factors for substance use and abuse onset (Breslau et al., 1996; Weissman et al., 1997; Wong et al., 2009, 2010).”
InfluentialRondanelli, M., Opizzi, A., Monteferrario, F., Antoniello, N., Manni, R., & Klersy, C. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03232.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Poor sleep is correlated with morbidity and mortality in older adults.(9) In addition to daytime dysfunction, insomnia is associated with various adverse effects such as poorer quality of life in Address correspondence to Mariangela Rondanelli, Department of Applied Health Sciences, Section of Human Nutrition and Diet…”
BackgroundAnxiety and sleep problems: Emerging concepts and theoretical treatment implications
Uhde, T. W., Cortese, B. M., & Vedeniapin, A. B. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0039-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“[4–6], as well as primary anxiety disorders developing later insomnia [7]).”
BackgroundComorbid Sleep Disorders in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Across the Life Cycle
Spiegelhalder, K., Regen, W., Nanovska, S., Baglioni, C., & Riemann, D. W. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0364-5 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Long-term effectiveness of a short-term cognitive-behavioral group treatment for primary insomnia
Backhaus, J., Hohagen, F., Voderholzer, U., & Riemann, D. W. (2001) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s004060170066 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“This result is important because different studies [5, 7, 9, 13, 34 ] found that insomnia patients have a significantly higher risk of psychiatric disorders, especially depression, anxiety disorder, or alcoholism.”
ResultAmbulatory sleep-wake patterns and variability in young people with emerging mental disorders
Robillard, R., Hermens, D. F., Naismith, S. L., White, D., Rogers, N. L., Ip, T. K. C., Mullin, S. J., Alvares, G. A., Guastella, A. J., Smith, K. L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.130247 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Sleep in hospitalized medical patients, Part 1: Factors affecting sleep
Young, J. S., Bourgeois, J. A., Hilty, D. M., & Hardin, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.372 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Longitudinal studies have found that prior insomnia was associated with 2- to 5-fold increase in the odds of mood and anxiety disorders and suicide.(61,62) Examining prodromes and precursors to mental disorders, Eaton et al.”
BackgroundOral Nonprescription Treatment for Insomnia: An Evaluation of Products With Limited Evidence
Meoli, A. L., Rosen, C., Kristo, D., Kohrman, M., Gooneratne, N., Aguillard, R. N., Fayle, R., Troell, R., Townsend, D., Claman, D., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26314 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Neuroimaging in sleep medicine
Dang‐Vu, T. T., Desseilles, M., Petit, D., Mazza, S., Montplaisir, J. Y., & Maquet, P. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.006 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“[103] Weissman MM, Greenwald S, Nino-Murcia G, Dement WC.”
Dombrovski, A. Y., Cyranowski, J. M., Mulsant, B. H., Houck, P. R., Buysse, D. J., Andreescu, C., Thase, M. E., Mallinger, A. G., & Frank, E. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20467 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“1997) and with findings of insomnia preceding incident depression in community samples [(Johnson et al., 2006; Neckelmann et al., 2007; Weissman et al. 1997), ing, older studies reviewed in (Riemann and Voderholzer 2003)], underscoring the clinical importance of restoring normal sleep in depression.”
ResultManagement of chronic insomnia in elderly persons.
Bain, K. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.06.006 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Chronic Insomnia: Clinical and Research Challenges - An Agenda
Riemann, D. W., Spiegelhalder, K., Espie, C. A., Pollmächer, T., Léger, D., Bassetti, C. L., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2010) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1267978 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
- Authors
- Weissman, M. M., Greenwald, S., Niño-Murcia, G., & Dement, W. C.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weissman, Myrna M.
- ORCID
- Weissman, Myrna M.
- Venue
- General Hospital Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 245-250
- ISSN
- 0163-8343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077240469
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- General Hospital Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7r01mh040603-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH 40603-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- insomnia, mental illness, major depressive disorder, panic disorder, alcohol abuse, psychiatric treatment utilization, sleep disorders, community survey
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Time Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Case-Control Studies
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