The bidirectional association between daytime affect and nighttime sleep in youth with anxiety and depression
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This study examines relationships between affect and sleep in youth with affective disorders using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). METHODS: Participants included 94 youth, ages 8-16 (M = 11.73, 53% female) years with an anxiety disorder only (n = 23), primary major depressive disorder (with and without a secondary anxiety diagnoses; n = 42), and healthy controls (n = 29). A cell phone EMA protocol assessed affect and actigraphy measured sleep. RESULTS: The patterns of bidirectional relationships between affect and sleep differed across diagnostic groups. Higher daytime positive affect and positive to negative affect ratios were associated with more time in bed during the subsequent night for youth with primary depression and less time in bed for youth with anxiety only. More time asleep was associated with more positive affect for both diagnostic groups the following day. CONCLUSIONS: This relationship may be important to consider in the treatment of youth affective disorders.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety.
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
These associations between sleep and affect in MDD youth were not seen in the control group or in youth with anxiety disorders.
“These associations were not seen in the control group (or in youth with anxiety disorders).”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Cousins et al. (2011)
In MDD youth, low daily levels of positive affect were associated with a longer subsequent sleep.
“However, in this group low daily levels of PA were found to be associated with a longer subsequent sleep.”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Cousins et al. (2011)
Youth with MDD can be characterized by sleep problems.
“According to Cousins et al. (2011), youth with MDD can also be characterized by sleep problems.”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Cousins et al. (2011)
In MDD youth, less night-time wakefulness was associated with lower negative affect levels the following day.
“Further, higher daily levels of NA were associated with less subsequent night-time wakefulness, and less night-time wakefulness was associated with lower NA levels the following day.”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Cousins et al. (2011)
In MDD youth, a longer sleep was associated with higher levels of positive affect the following day.
“Moreover, a longer sleep was associated with higher levels of PA the following day.”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Cousins et al. (2011)
In MDD youth, higher daily levels of negative affect were associated with less subsequent night-time wakefulness.
“Further, higher daily levels of NA were associated with less subsequent night-time wakefulness, and less night-time wakefulness was associated with lower NA levels the following day.”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Cousins et al. (2011)
Sleep might be mood-restorative in youth with MDD but not or no longer in adults with MDD.
“Data from studies that have looked at PA and NA in relation to sleep suggest that sleep might be mood-restorative in youth with MDD (Cousins et al., 2011), but not or no longer in adults with MDD (Bower et al., 2010; Peeters et al., 2006).”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Cousins et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 · Cited by 10,148 · see citing works
Self-citationEcological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454 · see citing works
Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing
Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.7.678 · Cited by 2,334 · see citing works
Automatic sleep/wake identification from wrist activity.
Cole, R., Kripke, D., Gruen, W., Mullaney, D., & Gillin, J. (1992) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/15.5.461 · Cited by 1,971 · see citing works
Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior
Dahl, R. E., & Lewin, D. S. (2002) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00506-2 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Self-citationAcebo, C., Sadeh, A., Seifer, R., Tzischinsky, O., Wolfson, A. R., Hafer, A., & Carskadon, M. A. (1999) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.1.95 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
The regulation of sleep and arousal: development and psychopathology
Dahl, R. E. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400006945 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Self-citationBrent, D. A., Emslie, G. J., Clarke, G. N., Wagner, K. D., Asarnow, J. R., Keller, M., Vitiello, B., Ritz, L., Iyengar, S., Abebe, K. Z., et al. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.8.901 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep patterns and sleep disruptions in school-age children.
Sadeh, A., Raviv, A., & Gruber, R. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.36.3.291 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Sleep patterns and sleep disruptions in school-age children.
Sadeh, A., Raviv, A., & Gruber, R. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.291 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
The morbidity of insomnia uncomplicated by psychiatric disorders
Weissman, M. M., Greenwald, S., Niño-Murcia, G., & Dement, W. C. (1997) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(97)00056-x · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Sleep and Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents
O'Brien, E. M., & Mindell, J. A. (2005) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0303_1 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Sleep-Related Problems Among Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders
Alfano, C. A., Ginsburg, G. S., & Kingery, J. N. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000242233.06011.8e · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Neural systems of positive affect: relevance to understanding child and adolescent depression?
FORBES, E. E., & DAHL, R. E. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940505039x · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of sleepiness in adolescents: update, insights, and speculation
Carskadon, M. A., & Acebo, C. (2002) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/25.6.606 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Daily Variation in Adolescents' Sleep, Activities, and Psychological Well‐Being
Fuligni, A. J., & Hardway, C. (2006) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00498.x · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R)
Berner, P., Gabriel, E., Katschnig, H., Kieffer, W., Koehler, K., & Lenz, G. (1992) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511663208.013 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Daily emotional dynamics in depressed youth: A cell phone ecological momentary assessment study
Silk, J. S., Forbes, E. E., Whalen, D. J., Jakubcak, J. L., Thompson, W. K., Ryan, N. D., Axelson, D., Birmaher, B. B., & Dahl, R. E. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.007 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationGregory, A. M., Rijsdijk, F. V., Lau, J. Y. F., Dahl, R. E., & Eley, T. C. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.2.189 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationObjective Sleep in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders and Major Depressive Disorder
Forbes, E. E., Bertocci, M. A., Gregory, A. M., Ryan, N. D., Axelson, D., Birmaher, B. B., & Dahl, R. E. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815cd9bc · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationOdds, prevalence and predictors of sleep problems in school‐age normal children
Spruyt, K., O'Brien, L. M., Cluydts, R., Verleye, G. B., & Ferri, R. (2005) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00458.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Altered Emotional Processing in Pediatric Anxiety, Depression, and Comorbid Anxiety-Depression
Ladouceur, C. D., Dahl, R. E., Williamson, D. E., Birmaher, B. B., Ryan, N. D., & Casey, B. J. (2005) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-1825-z · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep in Children and Adolescents with Behavioral and Emotional Disorders
Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.05.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationResults From an Integrative Behavioral Sleep-Treatment Pilot Program
Haynes, P. L., Bootzin, R. R., Smith, L. J., Cousins, J. C., Cameron, M., & Stevens, S. J. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.4.512 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationPeri-sleep-onset cortisol levels in children and adolescents with affective disorders.
Forbes, E. E., Williamson, D., Ryan, N., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., & Dahl, R. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.002 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationGregory, A. M., Cousins, J. C., Forbes, E. E., Trubnick, L., Ryan, N. D., Axelson, D. A., Birmaher, B., Sadeh, A., & Dahl, R. E. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.02.003 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid eye movement sleep in relation to overweight in children and adolescents
Liu, X., Forbes, E. E., Ryan, N. D., Rofey, D., Hannon, T. S., & Dahl, R. E. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.8.924 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationBertocci, M. A., Dahl, R. E., Williamson, D. E., Iosif, A., Birmaher, B. B., Axelson, D., & Ryan, N. D. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000179057.54419.17 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationHaynes, P. L., Bootzin, R. R., Smith, L. J., Cousins, J. C., Cameron, M., & Stevens, S. J. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationLessons from the Past: Do People Learn from Experience that Emotional Reactions Are Short-Lived?
Wilson, T. D., Meyers, J., & Gilbert, D. T. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672012712008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Axelson, D. A., Bertocci, M. A., Lewin, D. S., Trubnick, L. S., Birmaher, B., Williamson, D. E., Ryan, N. D., & Dahl, R. E. (2003) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/104454603322572589 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationWhalen, D. J., Silk, J. S., Semel, M., Forbes, E. E., Ryan, N. D., Axelson, D. A., Birmaher, B., & Dahl, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm086 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationRao, U., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B. B., Williamson, D. E., Rao, R., & Kaufman, J. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00396-2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationGrowth Hormone Secretion in Children and Adolescents at High Risk for Major Depressive Disorder
Birmaher, B. B., Dahl, R. E., Williamson, D. E., Perel, J. M., Brent, D. A., Axelson, D., Kaufman, J., Dorn, L. D., Stull, S. D., Rao, U., et al. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.867 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sleep restriction worsens mood and emotion regulation in adolescents
Baum, K. T., Desai, A., Field, J., Miller, L. E., Rausch, J., & Beebe, D. W. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12125 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
aan het Rot, M., Hogenelst, K., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.007 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Konjarski, M., Murray, G., Lee, V. V., & Jackson, M. L. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.05.005 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Gruber, R., & Cassoff, J. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0500-x · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Walz, L. C., Nauta, M. H., & aan het Rot, M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.022 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
A review of sleep disturbance in children and adolescents with anxiety
Brown, W. J., Wilkerson, A. K., Boyd, S. J., Dewey, D., Mesa, F., & Bunnell, B. E. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12635 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Bouwmans, M. E. J., Bos, E. H., Hoenders, H. J. R., Oldehinkel, A. J., & de Jonge, P. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.046 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Sleep and school attendance in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study
Hysing, M., Haugland, S., Stormark, K. M., Bøe, T., & Sivertsen, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494814556647 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Richardson, C., Oar, E., Fardouly, J., Magson, N., Johnco, C., Forbes, M., & Rapee, R. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00901-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Palmer, C. A., Oosterhoff, B., Massey, A., & Bawden, H. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.127 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Rigotti, V., Stanga, Z., Lang, U. E., Blais, R. K., Kelley, M. L., & Brand, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1390636 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cousins, J. C., Whalen, D. J., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E. E., Olino, T. M., Ryan, N. D., & Silk, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Pediatric Psychology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-07-27
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 969-979
- ISSN
- 0146-8693 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-735X
- PMC
- PMC3173744
- OpenAlex
- W2152168474
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 9.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Pediatric Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH041712, MH-41712, P01 MH 41712, K01MH092603)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- nocturnal sleep, youth anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, positive affect, time in bed, actigraphy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Sleep, Actigraphy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
