Diagnostic Criteria for Neuropathologic Assessment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
Prior to any evaluation of morphologic brain changes, a decision must be made whether a given alteration is associated with aging or with disease. Patients with disease-related lesions may be in a clinically silent phase of a disease or show overt symptoms. Neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads are the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. They should not be considered to be age-related changes, even when they are present only in small numbers. In general, the initial changes consist of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads. Plaques (amyloid deposits and/or neuritic plaques) are consistently present in the end stage of the disease. Initial neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads develop at specific cortical predilection sites. The changes then spread in a predictable, nonrandom manner across other portions of the telencephalic cortex. The sequential changes in the distribution pattern of the lesions provide the basis for a staging procedure that takes the slow and gradual progression of the destructive process into consideration. The staging procedure provides accurate diagnoses in the initial stages and even reveals brain changes developing prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms. It is thus advantageous in characterizing nondemented controls. The staging procedure can be carried out easily and does not require knowledge of clinical data, quantitative assessments, or adjustments for the age of the patients. Application of advanced silver techniques (Gallyas, Campbell-Switzer) to demonstrate Alzheimer's disease-related lesions also allows recognition of the hallmarks of other disorders, such as Lewy body disease (Parkinson's disease) and dementia with argyrophilic grains, which frequently co-occur with Alzheimer's disease.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Initial neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads develop in the entorhinal cortex, then the hippocampus, and gradually affect additional brain regions as the disease progresses, eventually affecting the neocortex.
“Initial neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads develop in the entorhinal cortex, then the hippocampus, and gradually affect additional brain regions as the disease progress, eventually affecting the neocortex [57].”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
The spread of tau pathology in AD follows a predictable pattern, allowing neuropathological diagnosis of different AD stages defined by Braak staging (I-VI).
“Postmortem studies have shown that the spread of tau pathology in AD follows a predictable pattern, allowing neuropathological diagnosis of different AD stages defined by Braak staging (I–VI).”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
Cites
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · see citing works
Self-citationMirra, S. S., Heyman, A., McKeel, D., Sumi, S. M., Crain, B. J., Brownlee, L. M., Vogel, F. S., Hughes, J. P., Belle, G. V., Berg, L., et al. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.4.479 · Cited by 4,961 · see citing works
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD)
Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0470846410.ch42(iii · Cited by 2,859 · see citing works
Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease
Arriagada, P. V., Growdon, J. H., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., & Hyman, B. T. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.3.631 · Cited by 2,668 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease: cell-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation.
Hyman, B. T., Van Hoesen, G. W., Damasio, A. R., & Barnes, C. L. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6474172 · Cited by 2,268 · see citing works
Arnold, S. E., Hyman, B. T., Flory, J., Damasio, A. R., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1991) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/1.1.103 · Cited by 1,380 · see citing works
Braak, F., Braak, H., & Mandelkow, E. (1994) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00293315 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Self-citationAlzheimer's Disease: A Central Role for Amyloid
Selkoe, D. J. (1994) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199409000-00003 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Tau protein and the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer's disease
Goedert, M. (1993) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90078-z · Cited by 718 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Dementia in Europe: A Collaborative Study of 1980–1990 Findings
Albert Hofman, D., Rocca, W. A., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Cooper, B. K., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J. F., Droux, A. D. S., Hagnell, O., et al. (1991) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/20.3.736 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Identification of normal and pathological aging in prospectively studied nondemented elderly humans
Dickson, D. W., Crystal, H. A., Mattiace, L. A., Masur, D. M., Blau, A. D., Davies, P., Yen, S.-H., & Aronson, M. K. (1992) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(92)90027-u · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Tierney, M. C., Fisher, R. H., Lewis, A. J., Zorzitto, M. L., Snow, W. G., Reid, D. W., & Nieuwstraten, P. (1988) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.38.3.359 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Demonstration of amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary changes in whole brain sections
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00661.x · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Self-citation(1994) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1177/074823379401000603 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Entorhinal cortex pathology in Alzheimer's disease
van Hoesen, G. W., Hyman, B. T., & Damasio, A. R. (1991) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450010102 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: The Framingham Study
Bachman, D. L., Wolf, P. A., Linn, R. T., Knoefel, J. E., Cobb, J. L., Belanger, A. J., White, L. R., & D'Agostino, R. B. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.3_part_1.515 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Memory‐related neural systems in Alzheimer's disease: An anatomic study
Hyman, B. T., Hoesen, G. W. V., & Damasio, A. R. (1990) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.40.11.1721 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
Hendrie, H. C. (1998) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-199821001-00002 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Gearing, M., Mirra, S. S., Hedreen, J. C., Sumi, S. M., Hansen, L. A., & Heyman, A. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.3.461 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Pattern of brain destruction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases
Braak, H., Braak, E., Yilmazer‐Hanke, D., de Vos, R. A. I., Jansen, E. N. H., & Böhl, J. (1996) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/bf01276421 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationBancher, C., Braak, H., Fischer, P., & Jellinger, K. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90590-h · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationAmaral, D. G., & Insausti, R. (1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-547625-6.50026-x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Hyman, B., Marzloff, K., & Arriagada, P. (1993) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199311000-00006 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1989) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1989.tb01146.x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationSpectrum of morphological appearance of amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease
Wisniewski, H. M., Bancher, C., Barcikowska, M., Wen, G. Y., & Currie, J. (1989) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00688170 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Chapter 32 Hippocampal formation: anatomy and the patterns of pathology in Alzheimer's disease
Hoesen, G. W. V., & Hyman, B. T. (1990) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61268-6 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Braak, H., Braak, E., Ohm, T. G., & Böhl, J. (1988) · Stain Technology · doi:10.3109/10520298809107184 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationPathology of Alzheimer's Disease
Blass, J. P., Ko, B., & Wisniewski, H. M. (1991) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30315-0 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Bancher, C., Jellinger, K., Lassmann, H., Fischer, P., & Leblhuber, F. (1996) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf02189115 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease : advances in clinical and basic research
Corain, B. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders
Lanska, D. J. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.3.466-b · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Alzheimer Lesions in the Entorhinal Region and Isocortex in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseasesa
Jellinger, K. A., Braak, H., Braak, E., & Fischer, P. A. (1991) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb00218.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationHyman, B. T., & Gómez‐Isla, T. (1994) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(94)90031-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Silver Labeling of Alzheimer Neurofibrillary Changes and Brain β-Amyloid
Iqbal, K., Braak, H., Braak, E., & Grundke, I. (1993) · Journal of Histotechnology · doi:10.1179/his.1993.16.4.335 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationTreating Alzheimer's and Other Dementias.
Deelman, B. G. (1995) · Springer US · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Treating Alzheimer's and Other Dementias
Bergener, M., & Finkel, S. I. (1995) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fewster, P. H., Griffin-Brooks, S., MacGregor, J., Ojalvo-Rose, E., & Ball, M. J. (1991) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000107187 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Editorial Office (1997) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089297765555359 · Cited by 3,917 · see citing works
Gauthier, S. G., Reisberg, ., Zaudig, M., Petersen, R. C., Ritchie, K. A., Broich, K., Belleville, S., Brodaty, H., Bennett, D. A., Chertkow, H. M., et al. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68542-5 · Cited by 3,920 · see citing works
Braak, H., Alafuzoff, I., Arzberger, T., Kretzschmar, H., & Del Tredici, K. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0127-z · Cited by 3,172 · see citing works
Self-citationSteen, E., Terry, B. M., J. Rivera, E., Cannon, J. L., Neely, T. R., Tavares, R., Xu, X. J., Wands, J. R., & de la Monte, S. M. (2005) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2005-7107 · Cited by 1,703 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes—Evidence reviewed
de la Monte, S. M., & Wands, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680800200619 · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
An epigenetic blockade of cognitive functions in the neurodegenerating brain
Gräff, J., Rei, D., Guan, J.-S., Wang, W.-Y., Seo, J., Hennig, K. M., Nieland, T. J. F., Fass, D. M., Kao, P. F., Kahn, M., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10849 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate internalization and propagation of specific proteopathic seeds
Holmes, B. B., DeVos, S. L., Kfoury, N., Li, M., Jacks, R., Yanamandra, K., Ouidja, M. O., Brodsky, F. M., Marasa, J., Bagchi, D. P., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1301440110 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Fjell, A. M., McEvoy, L., Holland, D., Dale, A. M., & Walhovd, K. B. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.004 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Scahill, R. I., Schott, J. M., Stevens, J., Rossor, M. N., & Fox, N. C. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.052587399 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Rivera, E. J., Goldin, A., Fulmer, N., Tavares, R., Wands, J. R., & de la Monte, S. M. (2005) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2005-8304 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Glucocorticoids increase amyloid-β and tau pathology in a mouse model of alzheimer’s disease
Green, K. N., Billings, L. M., Roozendaal, B., McGaugh, J. L., & LaFerla, F. M. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2797-06.2006 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Arboleda-Velasquez, J. F., Lopera, F., O’Hare, M., Delgado-Tirado, S., Marino, C., Chmielewska, N., Saez-Torres, K. L., Amarnani, D., Schultz, A. P., Sperling, R. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0611-3 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Yanamandra, K., Kfoury, N., Jiang, H., Mahan, T. E., Ma, S., Maloney, S. E., Wozniak, D. F., Diamond, M. I., & Holtzman, D. M. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.046 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Sengillo, J. D., Winkler, E. A., Walker, C. T., Sullivan, J. S., Johnson, M., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2013) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12004 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Neuropathological changes in essential tremor: 33 cases compared with 21 controls
Louis, E. D., Faust, P. L., Vonsattel, J., Honig, L. S., Rajput, A. H., Robinson, C. A., Rajput, A. H., Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., Ross, G. W., et al. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm266 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation
Chen, Y., & Yu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02853-3 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Villeneuve, S., Rabinovici, G. D., Cohn-Sheehy, B. I., Madison, C., Ayakta, N., Ghosh, P. M., La Joie, R., Arthur-Bentil, S. K., Vogel, J. W., Marks, S. M., et al. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv112 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Preclinical Properties of 18F-AV-45: A PET Agent for Aβ Plaques in the Brain
Choi, S., Golding, G., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, W., Lim, N. C., Hefti, F. F., Benedum, T. E., Kilbourn, M. R., Skovronsky, D., & Kung, H. F. (2009) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.065284 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Sexton, C. E., Kalu, U. G., Filippini, N., Mackay, C. E., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.019 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
GSK-3 is essential in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Takashima, A. (2006) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2006-9s335 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism
Boeve, B. F., Silber, M. H., Parisi, J. E., Dickson, D. W., Ferman, T. J., Benarroch, E. E., Schmeichel, A. M., Smith, G. E., Petersen, R. C., Ahlskog, J. E., et al. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000073619.94467.b0 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
The complexity of tau in Alzheimer’s disease
Naseri, N. N., Wang, H., Guo, J. D., Sharma, M., & Luo, W. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.022 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Structural imaging of hippocampal subfields in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease
de Florès, R., Joie, R. L., & Chételat, G. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.033 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Tracking iron in multiple sclerosis: a combined imaging and histopathological study at 7 Tesla
Bagnato, F., Hametner, S., Yao, B., van Gelderen, P., Merkle, H., Cantor, F. K., Lassmann, H., & Duyn, J. H. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr278 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Grünblatt, E., Mandel, S. A., Jacob‐Hirsch, J., Zeligson, S., Amariglo, N., Rechavi, G., Li, J., Ravid, R., Roggendorf, W., Riederer, P. F., et al. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0212-1 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Yamada, K., Cirrito, J. R., Stewart, F. R., Jiang, H., Finn, M. B., Holmes, B. B., Binder, L. I., Mandelkow, E.-M., Diamond, M. I., Lee, V. M.-Y., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2569-11.2011 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The cerebellum in Alzheimer’s disease: evaluating its role in cognitive decline
Jacobs, H. I. L., Hopkins, D. A., Mayrhofer, H. C., Bruner, E., van Leeuwen, F. W., Raaijmakers, W., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx194 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Sheridan, P. L., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2007) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000105126 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Green, K. N., Martínez‐Coria, H., Khashwji, H., Hall, E. B., Yurko‐Mauro, K., Ellis, L., & LaFerla, F. M. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0055-07.2007 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
de la Monte, S. M., & Wands, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2006-9209 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
La Joie, R., Ayakta, N., Seeley, W. W., Borys, E., Boxer, A. L., DeCarli, C., Doré, V., Grinberg, L. T., Huang, E., Hwang, J., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.09.001 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Snowden, S. G., Ebshiana, A. A., Hye, A., An, Y., Pletnikova, O., O’Brien, R., Troncoso, J., Legido-Quigley, C., & Thambisetty, M. (2017) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002266 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Sutphen, C. L., Jasielec, M. S., Shah, A. R., Macy, E. M., Xiong, C., Vlassenko, A. G., Benzinger, T. L. S., Stoops, E., Vanderstichele, H., Brix, B., et al. (2015) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1285 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Villemagne, V. L., Pike, K. E., Darby, D., Maruff, P. T., Savage, G. R., Ng, S., Ackermann, U., Cowie, T., Currie, J. N., Chan, S. G., et al. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.008 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Atherosclerosis and AD: Analysis of data from the US National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center
Honig, L. S., Kukull, W., & Mayeux, R. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000150886.50187.30 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
PP2A mRNA Expression Is Quantitatively Decreased in Alzheimer's Disease Hippocampus
Vogelsberg-Ragaglia, V., Schuck, T., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Lee, V. M.-Y. (2001) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2001.7630 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Johnson, K. A., Sperling, R. A., Gidicsin, C. M., Carmasin, J. S., Maye, J. E., Coleman, R. E., Reiman, E. M., Sabbagh, M. N., Sadowsky, C. H., Fleisher, A. S., et al. (2013) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.007 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Lace, G., Savva, G. M., Forster, G., de Silva, R., Brayne, C., Matthews, F. E., Barclay, J. J., Dakin, L., Ince, P. G., & Wharton, S. B. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp059 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Soluble forms of tau are toxic in Alzheimer's disease
Kopeikina, K., Hyman, B., & Spires-Jones, T. (2012) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-012-0032-y · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Watson, C. T., Roussos, P., Garg, P., Ho, D. J., Azam, N., Katsel, P. L., Haroutunian, V., & Sharp, A. J. (2016) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0258-8 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Molano, J. R. V., Boeve, B. F., Ferman, T. J., Smith, G. E., Parisi, J. E., Dickson, D. W., Knopman, D. S., Graff‐Radford, N. R., Geda, Y. E., Lucas, J. A., et al. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp280 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Neurofibrillary tangles in nondemented elderly subjects and mild Alzheimer disease
Haroutunian, V., Purohit, D. P., Perl, D. P., Marin, D., Khan, K., Lantz, M., Davis, K. L., & Mohs, R. C. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.6.713 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Quiroz, Y. T., Sperling, R. A., Norton, D. J., Baena, A., Arboleda-Velasquez, J. F., Cosio, D., Schultz, A., Lapoint, M., Guzman-Velez, E., Miller, J. B., et al. (2018) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4907 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Schubert, C. R., Carmichael, L. L., Murphy, C. A., Klein, B. E. K., Klein, R., & Cruickshanks, K. J. (2008) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01826.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Washington, P. M., Villapol, S., & Burns, M. P. (2015) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.06.015 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
van Groen, T., Puurunen, K., Mäki, H.-M., Sivenius, J., & Jolkkonen, J. (2005) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000169933.88903.cf · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Impaired insulin signalling and allostatic load in Alzheimer disease
Felice, F. G. D., Gonçalves, R. A., & Ferreira, S. T. (2022) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00558-9 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Increased Neurofibrillary Tangles in Patients With Alzheimer Disease With Comorbid Depression
Rapp, M. A., Beeri, M. S., Purohit, D. P., Perl, D. P., Haroutunian, V. H., & Sano, M. C. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31816029ec · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The amyloidogenic potential and behavioral correlates of stress
Catania, C., Sotiropoulos, I., Silva, R., Onofri, C., Breen, K. C., Sousa, N., & Almeida, O. F. X. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002101 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Jackson, C. E., & Snyder, P. J. (2007) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.008 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's disease
Teter, B., & Ashford, J. W. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.10441 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Nonhuman Primate Models of Alzheimer-Like Cerebral Proteopathy
Heuer, E., F. Rosen, R., Cintron, A., & C. Walker, L. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212799315885 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative disorders and aging
Leak, R. K. (2014) · Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1007/s12079-014-0243-9 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Stoeckel, J., & Fung, G. (2006) · Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icdm.2005.141 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Eye Tracking During a Visual Paired Comparison Task as a Predictor of Early Dementia
Crutcher, M. D., Calhoun-Haney, R., Manzanares, C. M., Lah, J. J., Levey, A. I., & Zola, S. M. (2009) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317509332093 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The Role of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) in Human Disease
Jacobo‐Albavera, L., Domínguez‐Pérez, M., Medina-Leyte, D. J., González-Garrido, A., & Villarreal-Molina, M. T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041593 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Anthony, I. C., Ramage, S. N., Carnie, F. W., Simmonds, P., & Bell, J. E. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0037-0 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Clinical features and APOE genotype of pathologically proven early-onset Alzheimer disease
Balasa, M., Gelpí, E., Antonell, A., Rey, M. J., Sánchez‐Valle, R., Molinuevo, J. L., & Lladó, A. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31821a44dd · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Anthony, I. C., Norrby, K. E., Dingwall, T., Carnie, F. W., Millar, T., Arango, J. C., Robertson, R., & Bell, J. E. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq263 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Lue, L., Schmitz, C. T., Serrano, G., Sue, L. I., Beach, T. G., & Walker, D. G. (2015) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12190 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
"Hairy Baskets” Associated With Degenerative Purkinje Cell Changes in Essential Tremor
Erickson-Davis, C. R., Faust, P. L., Vonsattel, J., Gupta, S., Honig, L. S., & Louis, E. D. (2010) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181d1ad04 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Yu, W., Guan, Z.-Z., Bogdanović, N., & Nordberg, A. K. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.015 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Stoeckel, J., & Fung, G. (2005) · Industrial Conference on Data Mining · doi:10.1007/s10115-006-0043-5 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 Correlate With Increased Amyloid Accumulation in Cerebral Vasculature
Nelson, P. T., Pious, N. M., Jicha, G. A., Wilcock, D. M., Fardo, D. W., Estus, S., & Rebeck, G. W. (2013) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e31829a25b9 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Reduced functional brain activity response in cognitively intact apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers
Lind, J., Persson, J., Ingvar, M., Larsson, A., Cruts, M., Broeckhoven, C. V., Adolfsson, R., Bäckman, L., Nilsson, L., Petersson, K. M., et al. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl054 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Neuronal Production of Transthyretin in Human and Murine Alzheimer's Disease: Is It Protective?
Li, X., Masliah, E., Reixach, N., & Buxbaum, J. N. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2417-11.2011 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Knezović, A., Barilar, J. O., Ćurlin, M., Hof, P. R., Šimić, G., Riederer, P. F., & Šalković‐Petrišić, M. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1394-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Amyloid and tau cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in HIV infection
Gisslén, M., Krut, J. J., Andréasson, U., Blennow, K., Cinque, P. M., Brew, B. J., Spudich, S., Hagberg, L., Rosengren, L., Price, R. W., et al. (2009) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-9-63 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Cyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 in neurodegeneration
Shelton, S. B., & Johnson, G. V. W. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2003.02328.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Cognition, glucose metabolism and amyloid burden in Alzheimer's disease
Furst, A. J., Rabinovici, G. D., Rostomian, A. H., Steed, T., Alkalay, A., Racine, C. A., Miller, B. L., & Jagust, W. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.011 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
18F-FDG PET imaging analysis for computer aided Alzheimer’s diagnosis
Illán, I. A., Górriz, J. M., Ramı́rez, J., Salas-Gonzalez, D., López, M., Segovia, F., Chaves, R., Gómez-Río, M. M., & Puntonet, C. G. (2010) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2010.10.027 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Accelerated age-related cortical thinning in healthy carriers of apolipoprotein E ɛ4
Espeseth, T., Westlye, L. T., Fjell, A. M., Walhovd, K. B., Rootwelt, H., & Reinvang, I. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.030 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Abnormal climbing fibre-Purkinje cell synaptic connections in the essential tremor cerebellum
Lin, C.-Y. R., Louis, E. D., Faust, P. L., Koeppen, A. H., Vonsattel, J., & Kuo, S. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu281 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Beyer, K., & Ariza, A. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8330-5 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Villar, K. D., & Miller, C. A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0307349101 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Hu, X., Das, B., Hou, H., He, W., & Yan, R. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20171831 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Clinical validity of Braak neuropathological staging in the oldest-old
Gold, G., Bouras, C., Kövari, E., Canuto, A., González Glaría, B., Malky, A., Hof, P. R., Michel, J.-P., & Giannakopoulos, P. (2000) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010051163 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Alzheimer's Disease A Century Later
Caselli, R. J., Beach, T. G., Yaari, R., & Reiman, E. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n1118 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Popescu, A., Lippa, C. F., Lee, V. M. ‐., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.12.1915 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Šalković‐Petrišić, M., Barilar, J. O., Grünblatt, E., Riederer, P. F., & Hoyer, S. (2009) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2009-1184 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Talpos, J. C., McTighe, S. M., Dias, R. S., Saksida, L. M., & Bussey, T. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.07.006 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Implicit Memory and Familiarity Among Elders with Dementia
Son, G., Therrien, B. A., & Whall, A. L. (2002) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00263.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Regional NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity in Alzheimer’s disease
SantaCruz, K. S., Yazlovitskaya, E., Collins, J., Johnson, J., & DeCarli, C. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00117-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Are Tangles as Toxic as They Look?
Spires‐Jones, T. L., Kopeikina, K. J., Koffie, R. M., de Calignon, A., & Hyman, B. T. (2011) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-011-9566-7 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Fatty acids, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer pathology
Hooijmans, C. R., & Kiliaan, A. J. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.081 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Intron-Exon Swapping of Transglutaminase mRNA and Neuronal Tau Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease
Citron, B. A., SantaCruz, K. S., Davies, P. J., & Festoff, B. W. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m004776200 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Biochemical Staging of Synucleinopathy and Amyloid Deposition in Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Deramecourt, V., Bombois, S., Maurage, C., Ghestem, A., Drobecq, H., Vanmechelen, E., Lebert, F., Pasquier, F., & Delacourte, A. (2006) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.jnen.0000205145.54457.ea · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A Chimpanzee Genome Project Is a Biomedical Imperative: Figure B1.Preprint
Varki, A. P. (2000) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.10.8.1065 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Torpedoes in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, and control brains
Louis, E. D., Faust, P. L., Vonsattel, J., Honig, L. S., Rajput, A. H., Rajput, A. H., Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., Ross, W. G., Elble, R. J., et al. (2009) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22567 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Stepping closer to treating Alzheimer’s disease patients with BACE1 inhibitor drugs
Yan, R. (2016) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-016-0061-5 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Giannakopoulos, P., Gold, G., Kövari, E., von Gunten, A., Imhof, A., Bouras, C., & Hof, P. R. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0144-y · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Harkany, T., Hortobágyi, T., Sasvári, M., Kónya, C., Penke, B., Luiten, P. G. M., & Nyakas, C. J. (1999) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00058-5 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Antonell, A., Lladó, A., Altirriba, J., Botta‐Orfila, T., Balasa, M., Fernández, M., Ferrer, I., Sánchez‐Valle, R., & Molinuevo, J. L. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.026 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Janus, C., Flores, A. Y., Xu, G. M., & Borchelt, D. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.010 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Connectivity analysis is essential to understand neurological disorders
Rowe, J. B. (2010) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2010.00144 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic pathology in tremor and cerebellar degenerative diseases
Kuo, S., Lin, C.-Y. R., Wang, J., Sims, P. A., Pan, M., Liou, J.-Y., Lee, D., Tate, W. J., Kelly, G. C., Louis, E. D., et al. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1626-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Rest tremor in advanced essential tremor: a post-mortem study of nine cases
Louis, E. D., Asabere, N., Agnew, A., Moskowitz, C. B., Lawton, A., Cortes, E. P., Faust, P. L., & Vonsattel, J. (2010) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2010.215681 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Rosén, C., Andersson, C.-H., Andréasson, U., Molinuevo, J. L., Bjerke, M., Rami, L., Lladó, A., Blennow, K., & Zetterberg, H. (2014) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000362164 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Sakakibara, R., Uchiyama, T., Yamanishi, T., & Kishi, M. (2008) · International Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02109.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Park, K. H. J., Hallows, J. L., Chakrabarty, P., Davies, P., & Vincent, I. J. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0186-07.2007 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
- Authors
- Braak, H., & Braak, E.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Braak, H
- ORCID
- Braak, H
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- S85-S88
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2015001118
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, neuropathologic diagnosis, neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, amyloid plaques, silver staining, Lewy body disease, brain aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Neurofibrillary Tangles, Disease Progression, Neuropil Threads, Plaque, Amyloid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
