Cited by 968Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyStress Responses and Cortisol

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OXYTOCIN MAY MEDIATE THE BENEFITS OF POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EMOTIONS1The purpose of this paper is to describe the neuroendocrine mechanisms of positive social interactions.1

Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin·1998·Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Abstract

During breastfeeding or suckling, maternal oxytocin levels are raised by somatosensory stimulation. Oxytocin may, however, also be released by nonnoxious stimuli such as touch, warm temperature etc. in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid. Consequently, oxytocin may be involved in physiological and behavioral effects induced by social interaction in a more general context. In both male and female rats oxytocin exerts potent physiological antistress effects. If daily oxytocin injections are repeated over a 5-day period, blood pressure is decreased by 10-20 mmHg, the withdrawal latency to heat stimuli is prolonged, cortisol levels are decreased and insulin and cholecystokinin levels are increased. These effects last from 1 to several weeks after the last injection. After repeated oxytocin treatment weight gain may be promoted and the healing rate of wounds increased. Most behavioral and physiological effects induced by oxytocin can be blocked by oxytocin antagonists. In contrast, the antistress effects can not, suggesting that unidentified oxytocin receptors may exist. The prolonged latency in the tail-flick test can be temporarily reversed by administration of naloxone, suggesting that endogenous opioid activity has been increased by the oxytocin injections. In contrast, the long-term lowering of blood pressure and of cortisol levels as well as the sedative effects of oxytocin have been found to be related to an increased activity of central alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Positive social interactions have been related to health-promoting effects. Oxytocin released in response to social stimuli may be part of a neuroendocrine substrate which underlies the benefits of positive social experiences. Such processes may in addition explain the health-promoting effects of certain alternative therapies. Because of the special properties of oxytocin, including the fact that it can become conditioned to psychological state or imagery, oxytocin may also mediate the benefits attributed to therapies such as hypnosis or meditation.

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Stub, T., Kiil, M. A., Lie, B., Kristoffersen, A. E., Weiß, T., Hervik, J. B., & Musial, F. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102320 · Cited by 14
“In addition, social bonding and interaction have been shown to affect the endogenous opiate system, resulting in the release of neuropeptides such as endorphins and oxytocin.(28) Therefore, the more or less recent acknowledgement of the C-fibre touch system and its relevance for humans, provides a physiological bases…”
Result
The meaning of caring touch for healthcare professionals in an intensive care unit: A qualitative interview study
Karlsson, L., Rosenqvist, J., Airosa, F., Henricson, M., Karlsson, A.-C., & Elmqvist, C. (2021) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2021.103131 · Cited by 14
The Effect of Neuropeptides on Human Trust and Altruism: A Neuroeconomic Perspective
Fehr, E. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79288-8_4 · Cited by 14
Acupuncture mechanisms for clinical long-term effects, a hypothesis
Carlsson, C. P. O. (2002) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00407-7 · Cited by 14
Coping and Social Support
Xanthopoulos, M. S., & Daniel, L. C. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop209003 · Cited by 14
Touching body, soul, and spirit? Understanding external applications from integrative medicine: A mixed methods systematic review
Mühlenpfordt, I., Blakeslee, S., Everding, J., Cramer, H., Seifert, G., & Stritter, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.960960 · Cited by 14
“These factors, as well as warmth and olfaction, have been found to be beneficial for social interaction, emotional state, and relaxation (11).”
Background
From distal to proximal to interactive: behavioral and brain synchrony during attraction, courtship, and sexual interaction—implications for clinical assessments of relationship style and quality
Pfaus, J. G., Safron, A., & Zakreski, E. (2023) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1093/sxmrev/qead034 · Cited by 14
The Relationship Between Postpartum Mental Status and Breastfeeding
Annagür, B. B., & Annagür, A. (2012) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.5455/cap.20120417 · Cited by 14
“[17] Olumlu sosyal etkileşim ve duyguların oluşumunda oksitosinin öne çıktığı bir nöropeptid sistemi önemli rol oynamaktadır.”
Introducing young dairy goats into the adult herd after parturition reduces social stress
Szabó, S. A., Barth, K., Graml, C., Futschik, A., Palme, R., & Waiblinger, S. (2013) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5556 · Cited by 13
“In humans and other species, oxytocin increases socio-positive behaviors and social skills (recognition of social communication signals) and leads to lower blood pressure and lower cortisol levels (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Uvnäs-Moberg and Petersson, 2005).”
Background
Peace Education: Training for an Evolved Consciousness of Non-violence
Yemenici, A. (2016) · All Azimuth A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace · doi:10.20991/allazimuth.167340 · Cited by 13
Increased exposure to sodium during pregnancy and lactation changes basal and induced behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in adult male offspring
Silva, M. S., Lucio-Oliveira, F., Mecawi, A. S., de Almeida, L. F., Ruginsk, S. G., Greenwood, M. P., Greenwood, M., Vivas, L., Elias, L. L. K., Murphy, D., et al. (2017) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13210 · Cited by 12
The Neurobiology of Social Affiliation and Pair Bonding
Carter, C. S., & Keverne, E. B. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803592-4.00004-3 · Cited by 14
Social neuroscience
Norman, G. J., Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (2009) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.29 · Cited by 13
Ergonomic Procedure for Heel Sticks and Shots in Kangaroo Care (Skin-to-Skin) Position
Cong, X. S., Ludington‐Hoe, S. M., Vazquez, V., Zhang, D., & Zaffetti, S. (2013) · Neonatal Network The Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1891/0730-0832.32.5.353 · Cited by 13
Determination of oxytocin in a dilute IV solution by LC–MSn
Karbiwnyk, C. M., Faul, K. C., Turnipseed, S. B., Andersen, W. C., & Miller, K. E. (2008) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2008.06.016 · Cited by 13
Physiological Changes Associated with Neiyang Qigong
Kuo, T.-C., Ho, F., & Lin, C. (2003) · Eisei kagaku · doi:10.1248/jhs.49.278 · Cited by 13
Adolescent fathers: Knowledge of and involvement in the breast feeding process in Brazil
de Lacerda, A. C. T., de Vasconcelos, M. G. L., de Alencar, E. N., Osório, M. M., & Pontes, C. M. (2013) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.006 · Cited by 13
Poor Sleep Quality Predicts Decline in Physical Health Functioning in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Moderating Role of Social Support
Shen, B., Tan, J. J. L., Xu, Y., & Tay, H. Y. (2021) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2021.1895050 · Cited by 12
The effect of intra-vaginal oxytocin on sexual function in breastfeeding mothers: a randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled trial
Mesbahi, A., Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi, S., Ghorbani, Z., & Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬, M. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04384-w · Cited by 12
Affective Touch and Human Grooming Behaviours: Feeling Good and Looking Good
McGlone, F. P., Walker, S. C., & Ackerley, R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6418-5_16 · Cited by 12
Socio-Ecological Challenges as Modulators of Women's Reproductive Trajectories
Nepomnaschy, P. A., Rowlands, A., Costa, A. P. P., & Salvante, K. G. (2020) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045930 · Cited by 13
Oxytocin in bovine saliva: validation of two assays and changes in parturition and at weaning
López-Arjona, M., Mainau, E., Navarro, E., Contreras-Aguilar, M. D., Escribano, D., Mateo, S. V., Manteca, X., Cerón, J. M. C., & Martı́nez-Subiela, S. (2021) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02838-5 · Cited by 12
“In addition to these physiological functions, oxytocin has a role in maternal behavior [2] and it is involved in positive social interactions [3, 4] and positive emotions in humans [5] and animals [6, 7].”
Background
Shared Reality Can Reduce Stressor Reactivity
Goldring, M. R., Pinelli, F., Bolger, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853750 · Cited by 11
“Most importantly, oxytocin is associated with greater levels of social bonding (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Feldman, 2012), which is why oxytocin is considered the biobehavioral mechanism underlying the tend-and-befriend response in females.”
Background
Serotonin mediates the panicolytic-like effect of oxytocin in the dorsal periaqueductal gray
Sergio, T. D. O., Frias, A. T., Vilela‐Costa, H. H., de Oliveira, D. C., Zuardi, A. W., & Zangrossi, H. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120907960 · Cited by 11
“Oxytocin (OT) has been implicated in childbirth, lactation, and social behaviors (Argiolas and Gessa, 1991; Cohen et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2016; Marazziti et al., 2015; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998), and an increasing amount of evidence also supports an important role in stress mediation, including mood and anxiety processing (…”
Background
Being a Resource for Both Mother and Child
Erlandsson, K., & Lindgren, H. E. (2011) · The Journal of Perinatal Education · doi:10.1891/1058-1243.20.2.91 · Cited by 11
“Possible stress after a complicated birth and postoperative pain in mothers after cesarean surgery has been biologically explained (Nissen et al., 1996; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1996, 1998) to lead to a possible delay in the bonding process (DiMatteo et al., 1996).”
Background
Affective Social Ties—Missing Link in Governance Theory
van Winden, F. A. A. M. (2012) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · doi:10.22029/jlupub-389 · Cited by 11
Designing Robots for Well-being: Theoretical Background and Visual Scenes of Affectionate Play with a Small Humanoid Robot
Cooney, M. D., & Nishio, S. (2013) · Lovotics · doi:10.4172/2090-9888.1000101 · Cited by 11
“Oxytocin, which contributes to well-being via improved health and wound-healing [18], appears to be related to affection: it can be released during social interactions as a result of affectionate stimuli such as touches [19] and has been called the “love hormone” [20].”
Background
Measuring stress responses in female Geoffroy's spider monkeys: Validation and the influence of reproductive state
Rodrigues, M. A., Wittwer, D., & Kitchen, D. M. (2015) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22421 · Cited by 11
“However, estradiol concentrations should remain low due to lactational amenorrhea [Lee, 1996; Strier et al., 2003], and studies in humans indicate reduced GC responsiveness to some stressors while breastfeeding [Altemus, 1995; Mezzacappa et al., 2001; Uvn€as-Moberg, 1998; Wiesenfeld et al., 1985].”
All bonds are not alike: A psychoendocrine evaluation of infant attachment
Gaudin, S., Chaillou, É., Wycke, M.-A., Cornilleau, F., Moussu, C., Calandreau, L., Lainé, A.-L., & Nowak, R. (2017) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21552 · Cited by 13
“We expect that reunion with the figure would result in proximity seeking, social interaction, and increasedOT levels (rat: Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998, human: Seltzer, Ziegler, & Pollak, 2010).”
Background
Comparing the Self-Reported Health, Happiness, and Marital Happiness of a Multinational Sample of Consensually Non-Monogamous Adults with Those of the U.S. General Population: Additional Comparisons by Gender, Number of Sexual Partners, Frequency of Sex, and Marital Status
Cox, D. W., Fleckenstein, J. R., & Sims-Cox, L. R. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-01973-2 · Cited by 15
“…also found that human sexuality, particularly within romantic and mating relationships, fosters positive interpersonal relationships and memories, and may cultivate and maintain egalitarian relationship dynamics (Bartels & Zeki, 2004; Guastella et al., 2008a, b; Palagi, 2006; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998).”
Background
Relationship between proximity and physiological stress levels in hunter-gatherers: The Hadza
Fedurek, P., Lacroix, L., Aktipis, A., Cronk, L., Makambi, J. E., Mabulla, I. A., Lehmann, J., & Berbesque, J. C. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105294 · Cited by 11
The Long-Term Effects of Breastfeeding on Development
Wendy, H., Li, J., Robinson, M., & Andrew, J. O. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/34422 · Cited by 11
Duration of breastfeeding is associated with emotional eating through its effect on alexithymia in boys, but not girls
van Strien, T., Beijers, R., Smeekens, S., & Winkens, L. H. H. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.006 · Cited by 12
“Second, unlike formula milk, breast milk contains small amounts of hormones, (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
Background

Authors: Uvnäs-Moberg, K.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-11
Volume: 23
Issue: 8
Pages: 819-835
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00056-0
OpenAlex: W1878549597
Cited by: 966
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 22.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: oxytocin, positive social interaction, social behavior, neuroendocrine mechanisms, anti-stress effects, blood pressure, cortisol, insulin, cholecystokinin, oxytocin antagonist, naloxone, endogenous opioids, alpha2-adrenoceptors, wound healing, health-promoting properties, hypnosis, meditation, complementary and alternative medicine
MeSH terms: Animals, Breast Feeding, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Lactation, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Parents

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OXYTOCIN MAY MEDIATE THE BENEFITS OF POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EMOTIONS1The purpose of this paper is to describe the neuroendocrine mechanisms of positive social interactions.1

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