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OXYTOCIN MAY MEDIATE THE BENEFITS OF POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EMOTIONS1The purpose of this paper is to describe the neuroendocrine mechanisms of positive social interactions.1
Abstract
During breastfeeding or suckling, maternal oxytocin levels are raised by somatosensory stimulation. Oxytocin may, however, also be released by nonnoxious stimuli such as touch, warm temperature etc. in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid. Consequently, oxytocin may be involved in physiological and behavioral effects induced by social interaction in a more general context. In both male and female rats oxytocin exerts potent physiological antistress effects. If daily oxytocin injections are repeated over a 5-day period, blood pressure is decreased by 10-20 mmHg, the withdrawal latency to heat stimuli is prolonged, cortisol levels are decreased and insulin and cholecystokinin levels are increased. These effects last from 1 to several weeks after the last injection. After repeated oxytocin treatment weight gain may be promoted and the healing rate of wounds increased. Most behavioral and physiological effects induced by oxytocin can be blocked by oxytocin antagonists. In contrast, the antistress effects can not, suggesting that unidentified oxytocin receptors may exist. The prolonged latency in the tail-flick test can be temporarily reversed by administration of naloxone, suggesting that endogenous opioid activity has been increased by the oxytocin injections. In contrast, the long-term lowering of blood pressure and of cortisol levels as well as the sedative effects of oxytocin have been found to be related to an increased activity of central alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Positive social interactions have been related to health-promoting effects. Oxytocin released in response to social stimuli may be part of a neuroendocrine substrate which underlies the benefits of positive social experiences. Such processes may in addition explain the health-promoting effects of certain alternative therapies. Because of the special properties of oxytocin, including the fact that it can become conditioned to psychological state or imagery, oxytocin may also mediate the benefits attributed to therapies such as hypnosis or meditation.
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“The analgesic effects of exogenous oxytocin in humans identify the oxytocin system as a plausible neural mechanism for the transduction of the effects of social support into the neural and physiological changes that modulate the experience of pain in humans 81”
From The Analgesic Effect of Oxytocin in Humans: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Cross‐Over Study Using Laser‐Evoked Potentials (2016) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“As a final effect of oxytocin, it is thought that under certain circumstances, oxytocin may activate a positive feedback system, such that oxytocin may trigger a behavior or motivation, or vice versa. Then, the behavior or motivation may trigger further oxytocin release, which may again initiate more of the behavior (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; De Dreu, 2012).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998
In the citing paper
“There are indications for this in the context of labor during child birth (Russell et al., 2003), and this is hypothesized, for example, in the context of affiliation (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998) and cooperation (see De Dreu, 2012).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998
In the citing paper
“Positive tactile stimuli (touch, warmth, odors) can release oxytocin (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998)”
From The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998
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“sistent with perspectives suggesting that OT functions primarily by reducing anxiety, increasing calmness, and intensifying the incentive value of the attachment target (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
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“Positive social connections appear to prompt the release of OT, which has been shown to have short-term effects on attenuating hormonal reactions to stress and long-term effects on anabolic processes such as growth (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998).”
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“This finding is of interest in the present context because the massage is exactly the sort of soothing tactile contact one might expect to elicit oxytocin release [135].”
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“For example, in a recent report, Kosfeld and colleagues (2005) actively manipulated subjects’ oxytocin levels, a neuropeptide thought to be critical in prosocial approach behavior in human and nonhuman mammals (Insel & Young 2001, Uvnas-Moberg 1998).”
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“For example, it has been shown in both young dogs and calves that nonnutritive suckling itself releases OT in the infant [113].”
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“As anxiety and excessive preoccupation are other important symptoms of PPD, our results also match reports of OXT acting as anxiolytic and enhancing positive emotional affiliation in non-pregnant humans (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
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BackgroundSocial vocalizations can release oxytocin in humans
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“For example, intranasal administration of oxytocin reduces cortisol levels after exposure to stressors (28–30) and inhibits cardiovascular stress responses (31,32).”
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“Signals and stimuli such as stroking, holding, voice tone, facial expressions, and social support evolved as natural stimuli that activate this system, and have the effect of calming and soothing recipients (Uväns-Morberg, 1998; Wang, 2005).”
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“Plasma oxytocin levels have been reported to increase both during sexual intercourse and during breastfeeding in humans (Carmichael et al. 1987; Unvas-Moberg 1998).”
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“Recently, oxytocin was shown to influence human prosocial behavior [39,40], and it might also mediate positive social interactions in nonhuman animals [41].”
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“…strong evidence concerning the involvement of OXT in attachment processes in animals (Insel, 1997, 1992) and, despite a limited amount of detailed experimental data, some evidence to support similar behavioral effects in humans as well (Carter, 1998; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Donaldson and Young, 2008).”
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Friends with benefits: Social support and its relevance for farm animal welfare
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Self-Criticism and Self-Warmth: An Imagery Study Exploring Their Relation to Depression
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Responses to social and environmental stress are attenuated by strong male bonds in wild macaques
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Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants
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The psychobiology of emotion: the role of the oxytocinergic system
Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Arn, I., & Magnusson, D. (2005) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_3 · Cited by 238
Self-citationOlazábal, D. E., & Young, L. J. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.12.010 · Cited by 230
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“More directly, OT level have been reported to rise during genital stimulation, copulation, and orgasm (Carmichael et al., 1987; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998), though rises in response to massage (typically given by a masseur unacquainted with the participant) are usually nonsignificant (Turner et al., 1999;…”
BackgroundOxytocin promotes social bonding in dogs
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“For example, in rats maternal–infant touch and contact increase the expression of OT (50).”
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Both oxytocin and vasopressin may influence alloparental behavior in male prairie voles
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“There also is evidence that both OT (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998) and AVP (Appenrodt et al., 1998; Dharmadhikari et al., 1997) can be anxiolytic, and this capacity to reduce anxiety could be related to the behavioral effects of both of these peptides.”
BackgroundHierarchies of Life Histories and Associated Health Risks
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“In addition, oxytocin functions to reduce depression and anxiety, and lactating mothers were found to experience less stress compared to nonlactating mothers (Carter & Altemus, 1997; Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Uvnäs-Moberg, K.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 819-835
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1878549597
- Cited by
- 966
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 22.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- oxytocin, positive social interaction, social behavior, neuroendocrine mechanisms, anti-stress effects, blood pressure, cortisol, insulin, cholecystokinin, oxytocin antagonist, naloxone, endogenous opioids, alpha2-adrenoceptors, wound healing, health-promoting properties, hypnosis, meditation, complementary and alternative medicine
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breast Feeding, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Lactation, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Parents
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