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OXYTOCIN MAY MEDIATE THE BENEFITS OF POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EMOTIONS1The purpose of this paper is to describe the neuroendocrine mechanisms of positive social interactions.1
Abstract
During breastfeeding or suckling, maternal oxytocin levels are raised by somatosensory stimulation. Oxytocin may, however, also be released by nonnoxious stimuli such as touch, warm temperature etc. in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid. Consequently, oxytocin may be involved in physiological and behavioral effects induced by social interaction in a more general context. In both male and female rats oxytocin exerts potent physiological antistress effects. If daily oxytocin injections are repeated over a 5-day period, blood pressure is decreased by 10-20 mmHg, the withdrawal latency to heat stimuli is prolonged, cortisol levels are decreased and insulin and cholecystokinin levels are increased. These effects last from 1 to several weeks after the last injection. After repeated oxytocin treatment weight gain may be promoted and the healing rate of wounds increased. Most behavioral and physiological effects induced by oxytocin can be blocked by oxytocin antagonists. In contrast, the antistress effects can not, suggesting that unidentified oxytocin receptors may exist. The prolonged latency in the tail-flick test can be temporarily reversed by administration of naloxone, suggesting that endogenous opioid activity has been increased by the oxytocin injections. In contrast, the long-term lowering of blood pressure and of cortisol levels as well as the sedative effects of oxytocin have been found to be related to an increased activity of central alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Positive social interactions have been related to health-promoting effects. Oxytocin released in response to social stimuli may be part of a neuroendocrine substrate which underlies the benefits of positive social experiences. Such processes may in addition explain the health-promoting effects of certain alternative therapies. Because of the special properties of oxytocin, including the fact that it can become conditioned to psychological state or imagery, oxytocin may also mediate the benefits attributed to therapies such as hypnosis or meditation.
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“The analgesic effects of exogenous oxytocin in humans identify the oxytocin system as a plausible neural mechanism for the transduction of the effects of social support into the neural and physiological changes that modulate the experience of pain in humans 81”
From The Analgesic Effect of Oxytocin in Humans: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Cross‐Over Study Using Laser‐Evoked Potentials (2016) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“As a final effect of oxytocin, it is thought that under certain circumstances, oxytocin may activate a positive feedback system, such that oxytocin may trigger a behavior or motivation, or vice versa. Then, the behavior or motivation may trigger further oxytocin release, which may again initiate more of the behavior (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; De Dreu, 2012).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998
In the citing paper
“There are indications for this in the context of labor during child birth (Russell et al., 2003), and this is hypothesized, for example, in the context of affiliation (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998) and cooperation (see De Dreu, 2012).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998
In the citing paper
“Positive tactile stimuli (touch, warmth, odors) can release oxytocin (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998)”
From The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998
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Brimdyr, K., Cadwell, K., Stevens, J., & Takahashi, Y. (2017) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12571 · Cited by 60
“The contact of the baby while skin to skin with the mother induces a rise in the hormone oxytocin, which in turn leads to more social responsiveness and may also promote parenting behaviours (Uvnäs‐Moberg, 1998; Winberg, 2005), bonding, and attachment (Affonso, Wahlberg, & Persson, 1989).”
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“Interestingly, the physiological and psychological changes produced by oxytocin, the hormone typically associated with mammalian parental care, can be best described as tenderness (cf. Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998).”
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“Some of these effects may be mediated by increased levels of oxytocin and reduced cortisol (Ditzen et al., 2007; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1997, 1998).”
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“Studies in animals and preliminary data in humans have suggested that oxytocin may have a role in the stress response (Kalin, 1985; Light et al., 2000), positive emotion and social interaction (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998) and social support (Knox and Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
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“Oxytocin and social contact, buffer against psychosocial stress (Heinrichs, Baumgartner, Kirschbaum, & Ehlert, 2003; Lim et al., 2005; Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
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“of a dependant infant or social partner (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Neumann, 2008; MacDonald and MacDonald, 2010).”
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“That the proposed mechanism of action of lithium is by its effect on mood is biologically plausible and consistent with the prosocial and mood enhancing effects of oxytocin (Insel, 1992; Uvnas-Moberg, 1998; Heinrichs, et al., 2003; Heinrichs and Gaab, 2007).”
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“In particular, during the early period after birth, OXT regulates maternal behaviors (Pedersen, 1997) by promotion of social interactions and positive emotions (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
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Self-citationAssociation between parity and breastfeeding with maternal high blood pressure
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Hypnosis, Attachment, and Oxytocin:An Integrative Perspective1
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“Furthermore, animal research has shown that breastfeeding increases central oxytocin levels in both mother and offspring (Dawood et al., 1981; Lupoli et al., 2001) and is thought to have similar effects in humans (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998).”
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“Oxytocin, the hormone that causes your uterus to contract, will stimulate ‘‘mothering’’ feelings after birth as you touch, gaze at, and breastfeed your baby (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
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“Uvnäs-Moberg [7] reported that social behavior and affiliative interaction involves sensory stimuli capable of releasing OT, which stimulates the attachment of bonding and in turn induces more OT release.”
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Extinction of fear is facilitated by social presence: Synergism with prefrontal oxytocin
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“The oxytocin receptors, which are implicated in anxiety and stress reduction (e.g., Dumont et al., 2009; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1997; Uvnas-Moberg, 1998 however, see King et al., 1985), are abundantly expressed in the mPFC (Gould and Zingg, 2003; Liu et al., 2005; Ninan, 2011), suggesting that they may play…”
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“Other researchers have studied the relationship between BF and oxytocin levels: Uvnäs-Moberg thoroughly researched the connections between oxytocin and BF, and between oxytocin and SSC [63,69].”
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“The AVP-OT system has been linked to sexual arousal behavior in humans (Becker, 2003; Carmichael, Warburton, Dixen, & Davidson, 1994) and affiliative and monogamous behavior in rats (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
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Ellis, L. (2002) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 45
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“Conversely, the administration of oxytocin (a hormone typically related to trust; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998) leads to increased skin temperature for rats feeding their pups (Eriksson, Lundeberg, & Uvnäs-Moberg, 1996).”
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Oxytocin and Cortisol in the Hypnotic Interaction 1
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“The adaptive nature of the calm and connection stress response has been emphasized by several authors (e.g., DeVries et al., 2003; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998a, 1998b; Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 2005; Uvnäs-Moberg & Petersson, 2004).”
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“Affiliative interactions are known to have calming and anxiety reducing effects in the context of conflicts as well as in neutral situations and are important behavioral mechanisms of bond maintenance (Aureli et al., 1999; Carter, 1998; Morrison, 2016; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Wittig et al., 2016).”
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Sympathetic Innervation Regulates Osteocyte‐Mediated Cortical Bone Resorption during Lactation
Guo, Q., Chen, N., Cheng, Q., Qi, C., Noller, K., Wan, M., Liu, X., Zhang, W., Cahan, P., & Cao, X. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202207602 · Cited by 49
McGlone, F. P., Moberg, K. U., Norholt, H., Eggart, M., & Müller-Oerlinghausen, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1390673 · Cited by 47
Arakawa, H., Blanchard, D. C., & Blanchard, R. J. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.016 · Cited by 42
“Several studies suggest that OT functions to reduce anxiety-like behaviors in an unfamiliar environment [53–55].”
BackgroundHumble, M. B., Uvnäs‐Moberg, K., Engström, I., & Bejerot, S. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-344 · Cited by 42
“When it comes to cerebral functions, research indicates that oxytocin promotes innate mechanisms for maternal, affiliative, pro-social, sexual/reproductive and aggressive behaviors and social recognition [27-29]; a deficiency of some of these functions being relevant for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) [29,30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFight, flight, or fall: Autonomic nervous system reactivity during skydiving
Allison, A. L., Peres, J. C., Boettger, C., Leonbacher, U., Hastings, P. D., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.019 · Cited by 42
Morrone-Strupinsky, J. V., & Depue, R. A. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00204-6 · Cited by 44
Browne, J. V. (2004) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2004.04.004 · Cited by 43
“Uvnas-Moberg [63,64] and Carter and colleagues [68] have identified neuro-endocrine mechanisms involved in positive social interactions.”
The neurobiological link between compassion and love
Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2011) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.881441 · Cited by 44
“In humans [50–53], oxytocin inhibits sympathoadrenal and stress response activity, including the release of adrenal corticoids 14”
BackgroundOxytocin Receptor Signaling in Vascular Function and Stroke
McKay, E. C., & Counts, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.574499 · Cited by 45
“Altura and Altura, 1984; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Thibonnier et al., 1999b Glucose uptake Encourages the uptake of glucose in most cell types.”
Neindre, P. L., Bernard, É., Boissy, A., Boivin, X., Calandreau, L., Delon, N., Deputte, B. L., Desmoulin‐Canselier, S., Dunier, M., Faivre, N., et al. (2017) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1196 · Cited by 56
Creeden, K. (2004) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720160490900560 · Cited by 43
“Research has suggested that oxytocin is a critical factor in affiliative love and normal nonsexual social interactions (Carter, 1998; Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
BackgroundA Test of Kangaroo Care on Preterm Infant Breastfeeding
Tully, K. P., Holditch‐Davis, D., White‐Traut, R. C., David, R. J., O’Shea, T. M., & Geraldo, V. (2015) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2015.10.004 · Cited by 40
“For the mother, physical contact around the breast as a part of KC may increase oxytocin levels (Winberg, 2005), promoting lactation and emotional connectedness with the infant (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998).”
BackgroundWatkinson, M., Murray, C. D., & Simpson, J. (2016) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2016.02.019 · Cited by 40
Lactation and weaning effects on physiological and behavioral response to stressors
Mezzacappa, E. S. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00889-2 · Cited by 40
Moyle, W., Johnston, A. N. B., & O'Dwyer, S. T. (2011) · Australasian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2010.00504.x · Cited by 39
Panksepp, J. (2001) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2001.10773353 · Cited by 41
“…in premature infants (Barnard & Brazelton, 1990; Field, 1993), and that various beneficial effects of touch can be seen in animal models, including induction of growth promoting factors (Schanberg & Kuhn, 1985) and activation of many brain systems, especially oxytocin release (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
Klein, B. D., Gaedt, L., & Cook, G. A. (2013) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000085 · Cited by 39
Oxytocin and MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) enhance social reward in rats
Ramos, L., Hicks, C., Caminer, A., Goodwin, J., & McGregor, I. S. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3899-9 · Cited by 42
“OT levels are likely raised when people touch a soft inanimate object (i.e. a teddy bear; Tai et al. 2011), while in humans and rats endogenous OT is released in response to stroking or massage (Morhenn et al. 2012; Uvnas-Moberg 1998).”
BackgroundTouch massage: a pilot study of a complex intervention
Lindgren, L., Lehtipalo, S., Winsö, O., Karlsson, M., Wiklund, U., & Brulin, C. (2013) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.12017 · Cited by 42
Attachment Theory as an Organizing Framework: A View from Different Levels of Analysis
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Barrett, L. F. (2000) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.107 · Cited by 39
Garfield, L., Giurgescu, C., Carter, C. S., Holditch‐Davis, D., McFarlin, B. L., Schwertz, D. W., Seng, J. S., & White‐Traut, R. C. (2014) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0437-4 · Cited by 43
A link between oxytocin and serotonin in humans: Supporting evidence from peripheral markers
Marazziti, D., Baroni, S., Giannaccini, G., Betti, L., Massimetti, G., Carmassi, C., & Catena-Dell’Osso, M. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.12.010 · Cited by 39
“In addition, emotional states modify plasma OT (Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 1993; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Turner et al., 2002).”
BackgroundEffect of 528 Hz Music on the Endocrine System and Autonomic Nervous System
Akimoto, K., Hu, A., Yamaguchi, T., & Kobayashi, H. (2018) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2018.109088 · Cited by 43
“In addition, some studies suggest that production of oxytocin increases in response to pleasant sensations or positive social interactions [19] [20].”
BackgroundCarrying human infants – An evolutionary heritage
Berecz, B., Cyrille, M., Casselbrant, U., Oleksak, S., & Norholt, H. (2020) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101460 · Cited by 38
Meier, M., Unternäehrer, E., Dimitroff, S. J., Benz, A., Bentele, U. U., Schorpp, S. M., Wenzel, M., & Pruessner, J. C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71173-w · Cited by 38
The biological significance of skin‐to‐skin contact and maternal odours
Porter, R. H. (2004) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00843.x · Cited by 38
“Given the role of oxytocin in the onset of maternal behaviour in non-human mammals such as ewes and rats (9), various authors have speculated that this same hormone (and perhaps other endocrine substances) might also be implicated in the control of maternal responsiveness in humans (10, 11).”
BackgroundOxytocin in corticosterone-induced chronic stress model: Focus on adrenal gland function
Stanić, D., Plećaš‐Solarović, B., Mirković, D., Jovanović, P., Dronjak, S., Marković, B. D., Đorđević, T., Ignjatović, S., & Pešić, V. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.011 · Cited by 40
Our Ethical and Moral Responsibility
Ng, Z., Albright, J. D., Fine, A. H., & Peralta, J. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801292-5.00026-2 · Cited by 43
Kulik, J. A., & Mahler, H. I. M. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.05.022 · Cited by 37
Social bonds and the nature of empathy
Watt, D. F. (2005) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 37
Social Buffering as a Tool for Improving Rodent Welfare
Denommé, M., & Mason, G. J. (2021) · Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science · doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000006 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Uvnäs-Moberg, K.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 819-835
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1878549597
- Cited by
- 966
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 22.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- oxytocin, positive social interaction, social behavior, neuroendocrine mechanisms, anti-stress effects, blood pressure, cortisol, insulin, cholecystokinin, oxytocin antagonist, naloxone, endogenous opioids, alpha2-adrenoceptors, wound healing, health-promoting properties, hypnosis, meditation, complementary and alternative medicine
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breast Feeding, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Lactation, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Parents
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