Cited by 968Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyStress Responses and Cortisol

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OXYTOCIN MAY MEDIATE THE BENEFITS OF POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EMOTIONS1The purpose of this paper is to describe the neuroendocrine mechanisms of positive social interactions.1

Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin·1998·Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Abstract

During breastfeeding or suckling, maternal oxytocin levels are raised by somatosensory stimulation. Oxytocin may, however, also be released by nonnoxious stimuli such as touch, warm temperature etc. in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid. Consequently, oxytocin may be involved in physiological and behavioral effects induced by social interaction in a more general context. In both male and female rats oxytocin exerts potent physiological antistress effects. If daily oxytocin injections are repeated over a 5-day period, blood pressure is decreased by 10-20 mmHg, the withdrawal latency to heat stimuli is prolonged, cortisol levels are decreased and insulin and cholecystokinin levels are increased. These effects last from 1 to several weeks after the last injection. After repeated oxytocin treatment weight gain may be promoted and the healing rate of wounds increased. Most behavioral and physiological effects induced by oxytocin can be blocked by oxytocin antagonists. In contrast, the antistress effects can not, suggesting that unidentified oxytocin receptors may exist. The prolonged latency in the tail-flick test can be temporarily reversed by administration of naloxone, suggesting that endogenous opioid activity has been increased by the oxytocin injections. In contrast, the long-term lowering of blood pressure and of cortisol levels as well as the sedative effects of oxytocin have been found to be related to an increased activity of central alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Positive social interactions have been related to health-promoting effects. Oxytocin released in response to social stimuli may be part of a neuroendocrine substrate which underlies the benefits of positive social experiences. Such processes may in addition explain the health-promoting effects of certain alternative therapies. Because of the special properties of oxytocin, including the fact that it can become conditioned to psychological state or imagery, oxytocin may also mediate the benefits attributed to therapies such as hypnosis or meditation.

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Nurture, Nature, and Caring: We Are Not Prisoners of Our Genes
Eisler, R. T., & Levine, D. S. (2002) · Brain and Mind · doi:10.1023/a:1016553723748 · Cited by 76
“For older people, in particular, it is well documented that social support is one of the major factors in withstanding the effects of serious illness (Knox and Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Ryff and Singer, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Relationship between growth rate and oral manipulation, social nosing, and aggression in finishing pigs
Camerlink, I., Bijma, P., Kemp, B., & Bolhuis, J. E. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.09.004 · Cited by 75
Is There Mother–Infant Bonding in Primates?
Dario Maestripieri, A. (2001) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0522 · Cited by 75
How Love Evolved from Sex and Gave Birth to Intelligence and Human Nature
Pedersen, C. A. (2004) · Journal of Bioeconomics · doi:10.1023/b:jbio.0000017278.56163.6b · Cited by 73
Effects of MDMA on attention to positive social cues and pleasantness of affective touch
Bershad, A. K., Mayo, L. M., Hedger, K. V., McGlone, F. P., Walker, S. C., & de Wit, H. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0402-z · Cited by 76
“The pleasantness of CT-optimal touch has been proposed to 5 be related to increased levels of serotonin and oxytocin (Trotter et al, 2016; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Walker and McGlone, 2013; Walker and McGlone, 2017a), both of which are influenced by MDMA.”
Background
Mental health, attachment and breastfeeding: implications for adopted children and their mothers
Gribble, K. D. (2006) · International Breastfeeding Journal · doi:10.1186/1746-4358-1-5 · Cited by 73
Sexual or paternal experiences alter alloparental behavior and the central expression of ERα and OT in male mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus)
Song, Z., Tai, F., Yu, C., Wu, R., Zhang, X., Broders, H. G., He, F., & Guo, R. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.045 · Cited by 73
Social neuroscience: The social brain, oxytocin, and health
Norman, G. J., Hawkley, L. C., Cole, S. W., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.568702 · Cited by 77
“, 2008), leading some to suggest that oxytocin may be one potential mediator of the association between social processes and health (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
Background
Baby Massage Ameliorates Neonatal Jaundice in Full-Term Newborn Infants
Chen, J., Sadakata, M., Ishida, M., Sekizuka, N., & Sayama, M. (2011) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.223.97 · Cited by 72
“Kerstin states that sedation of physiological stimuli like touch and heat results in muscle relaxation, a decrease in cortisol levels, a reduction in cardiovascular activities, and activation of enterokinesis which helps digestion (Uvnas-Moberg 1998).”
Background
The Effects of Heat and Massage Application on Autonomic Nervous System
Lee, Y., Park, B. N. R., & Kim, S. H. (2011) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2011.52.6.982 · Cited by 78
Integrative Model of Human-Animal Interactions: A One Health–One Welfare Systemic Approach to Studying HAI
Leconstant, C., & Spitz, É. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.656833 · Cited by 72
Diurnal salivary cortisol levels in postpartum mothers as a function of infant feeding choice and parity
Tu, M. T., LUPIEN, S. J., & Walker, C. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.03.006 · Cited by 70
“This finding adds to the numerous medical benefits of breastfeeding reported for the infant (Oddy, 2001) and the mother (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
BackgroundResult
Sex differences in newborn interaction with mother or father during skin‐to‐skin contact after Caesarean section
Velandia, M., Uvnäs‐Moberg, K., & Nissen, E. (2011) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02523.x · Cited by 69
Self-citation
Comparison Between Electro-Acupuncture and Hydrotherapy, Both in Combination With Patient Education and Patient Education Alone, on the Symptomatic Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Hip
Stener‐Victorin, E., Kruse-Smidje, C., & Jung, K. (2004) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200405000-00008 · Cited by 69
“This is probably the result of effects on the central hormonal system, including the release of oxytocin.(33,34) Patient education has previously been reported to improve health status, to be cost effective, and to give pain relief.”
Background
Moral development and behaviour under the spotlight of the neurobiological sciences
Narvaez, D. F., & Vaydich, J. L. (2008) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240802227478 · Cited by 77
“The presence of oxytocin is able to counteract the effects of stress by, for example, decreasing blood pressure and reducing activity in the sympathetic autonomic system (Uvnas-Moberg, 1997, 1998).”
Background
Repeated treatment with oxytocin promotes hippocampal cell proliferation, dendritic maturation and affects socio-emotional behavior
Sánchez-Vidaña, D. I., Chan, N.-M. J., Chan, A. H. L., Hui, K. K. Y., Lee, S. Y., Chan, H.-Y., Law, Y. S., Sze, M. Y., Tsui, W.-C. S., Fung, T. K. H., et al. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.005 · Cited by 71
“Studies showed that positive social stimuli and social experience increased the level of circulating oxytocin (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Kikusui et al., 2006; Heinrichs and Domes, 2008).”
Background
Affectionate Communication in Close Relationships
Floyd, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653510 · Cited by 69
Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene influences neurocardiac reactivity to social stress and HPA function: A population based study
Norman, G. J., Hawkley, L. C., Luhmann, M., Ball, A. B., Cole, S. W., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.006 · Cited by 67
“social isolation, social support) have on health (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
Background
Neurobiological underpinnings of dogs’ human-like social competence: How interactions between stress response systems and oxytocin mediate dogs’ social skills
Buttner, A. P. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.029 · Cited by 71
Effects of Father-Neonate Skin-to-Skin Contact on Attachment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Chen, E.-M., Gau, M., Liu, C., & Lee, T. (2017) · Nursing Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2017/8612024 · Cited by 73
“These results may support oxytocin as an important component of the neuroendocrinology of fatherhood [37].”
BackgroundResult
The association between oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms and affective temperaments, as measured by TEMPS-A
Kawamura, Y., Liu, X., Akiyama, T., Shimada, T., Otowa, T., Sakai, Y., Kakiuchi, C., Umekage, T., Sasaki, T., & Akiskal, H. S. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.014 · Cited by 68
Skin‐to‐skin contact is associated with earlier breastfeeding attainment in preterm infants
Oras, P., Blomqvist, Y. T., Nyqvist, K. H., Gradin, M. R., Rubertsson, C., Hellström-Westas, L. K., & Funkquist, E. (2016) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13431 · Cited by 67
“It has been suggested that the closeness between the parent and infant during skin-to-skin contact promotes the parent’s ability to interpret the infant’s cues, such as earlier perception of the infant’s prefeeding behaviour and earlier responses to those signals (9).”
Background
Microbes and Oxytocin
Erdman, S. E., & Poutahidis, T. (2016) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.004 · Cited by 69
An association between belief in life after death and serum oxytocin in older people in rural Japan
Imamura, Y., Mizoguchi, Y., Nabeta, H., Haraguchi, Y., Matsushima, J., Kojima, N., Kawashima, T., Yamada, S., & Monji, A. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4453 · Cited by 67
“We speculate that an association between OT and belief in an afterlife might be strengthened by the anxiolytic and stress-reducing effects of OT (Taylor et al., 2006; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Smith and Wang, 2012; Churchland and Winkielman, 2012).”
Background
Short- and Long-Term Decrease of Blood Pressure in Women During Breastfeeding
Jonas, W., Nissen, E., Ransjö‐Arvidson, A., Wiklund, I. E., Henriksson, P., & Uvnäs‐Moberg, K. (2008) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2007.0031 · Cited by 66
“6,8,9 In a more long-term perspective, maternal cortisol levels in response to physical stress are reduced.”
Self-citation
Oxytocin - A Multifunctional Analgesic for Chronic Deep Tissue Pain
Goodin, B. R., Ness, T. J., & Robbins, M. T. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612820666141027111843 · Cited by 66
“A final line of evidence relating OXY to mood factors known to be important for the experience of pain comes from research on alternative therapies such as hypnosis and meditation, which are readily applied to the treatment of chronic pain, and that have been shown to produce feelings of psychological well-being that…”
Background
Investigating the influence of social support on experimental pain and related physiological arousal: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Che, X., Cash, R. F. H., Chung, S. W., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Fitzgibbon, B. M. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.005 · Cited by 66
“, 2003), a neuropeptide that promotes intimacy and social interaction (Carter, 1998; McCarthy and Altemus, 1997; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998).”
Thalamic integration of social stimuli regulating parental behavior and the oxytocin system
Dobolyi, A., Cservenák, M., & Young, L. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.05.002 · Cited by 64
“Apart from reproductive actions, oxytocin can also be released in non-sexual social situations (Light et al., 2005; Nagasawa et al., 2015; Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
Background
Suckling and genital stroking induces Fos expression in hypothalamic oxytocinergic neurons of rabbit pups
Caba, M., Rovirosa-Hernández, M. D. J., & Silver, R. (2003) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(03)00064-6 · Cited by 65
Self-Compassion and Emotional Intelligence in Adolescence: A Multigroup Mediational Study of the Impact of Shame Memories on Depressive Symptoms
Castilho, P., Carvalho, S. A., Marques, S., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0613-4 · Cited by 75
Mutuality and the social regulation of neural threat responding
Coan, J. A., Kasle, S., Jackson, A. J., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.782656 · Cited by 65
“Oxytocin activity is also highly responsive to social proximity, increasing levels of trust and sensitivity to social cues (Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak, Fischbacher, & Fehr, 2005; Ross et al., 2009; Uvnaes-Moberg, 1998), and is associated with decreased threat reactivity (Windle, Shanks, Lightman, & Ingram, 1997), even in…”
Background
Helping from the heart: Voluntary upregulation of heart rate variability predicts altruistic behavior
Bornemann, B., Kok, B. E., Böckler, A., & Singer, T. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.004 · Cited by 62
“…acts toward strangers (Eisenberger & Cole, 2012; Feldman, Weller, Zagoory-Sharon, & Levine, 2007; Gordon et al., 2011; Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak, Fischbacher, & Fehr, 2005; Lee, Macbeth, Pagani, & Scott Young, 2009; Panksepp, 2011; Preston, 2013; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Zak, Stanton, & Ahmadi, 2007) .”
Space, place and the midwife: Exploring the relationship between the birth environment, neurobiology and midwifery practice
Hammond, A., Foureur, M. J., Homer, C., & Davis, D. L. (2013) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2013.09.001 · Cited by 62
Functional Chronic Pain Syndromes and Naturopathic Treatments: Neurobiological Foundations
Musial, F., Michalsen, A., & Dobos, G. J. (2008) · Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1159/000121321 · Cited by 63
Paternal vs Maternal Kangaroo Care for Procedural Pain in Preterm Neonates
Johnston, C. C. (2011) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.130 · Cited by 68
“Another role of oxytocin that has recently been reported is its antinociceptive effect, possibly through potentiating endogenous opiate release.(43,44) It is released into breast See also page 872”
Effects of positive and negative human contacts and intranasal oxytocin on cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin
Rault, J. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.03.015 · Cited by 64
Infant carrying as a tool to promote secure attachments in young mothers: Comparing intervention and control infants during the still-face paradigm
Williams, L. R., & Turner, P. R. (2019) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101413 · Cited by 68
The Analgesic Effect of Oxytocin in Humans: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Cross‐Over Study Using Laser‐Evoked Potentials
Paloyelis, Y., Krahé, C., Maltezos, S., Williams, S. C., Howard, M. A., & Fotopoulou, A. (2016) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12347 · Cited by 61

Authors: Uvnäs-Moberg, K.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-11
Volume: 23
Issue: 8
Pages: 819-835
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00056-0
OpenAlex: W1878549597
Cited by: 966
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 22.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: oxytocin, positive social interaction, social behavior, neuroendocrine mechanisms, anti-stress effects, blood pressure, cortisol, insulin, cholecystokinin, oxytocin antagonist, naloxone, endogenous opioids, alpha2-adrenoceptors, wound healing, health-promoting properties, hypnosis, meditation, complementary and alternative medicine
MeSH terms: Animals, Breast Feeding, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Lactation, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Parents

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OXYTOCIN MAY MEDIATE THE BENEFITS OF POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EMOTIONS1The purpose of this paper is to describe the neuroendocrine mechanisms of positive social interactions.1

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