Network-based research in entrepreneurship

“, VC, underwriters, creditors, auditors) and information on market conditions, thus allowing them to tap into key market information, to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities, and to prepare for an IPO (Hoang and Antoncic 2003).”

“Social networks contribute to the range of information available to entrepreneurs and thus their ability to recognize and act on entrepreneurial opportunities (Hoang and Antoncic 2003).”

“Sources: adapted from Lynch et al. (2000) based on a review of Adam (1994), Buhalis (1994),Buhalis and Main (1996), Evans (1999), Hankinson (1989), Houghton and Tremblay (1995), Huang and Stewart (1996), Litteljohn et al.”

“Developing Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy In addition to providing an environment for entrepreneurial skill development, ORD1 was also a site of building entrepreneurial self-efficacy, a trait particularly needed for novice entrepreneurs who are in most need of support, but have least access to social resources [18,29,…”

“According to Hoang and Antoncic (2003), social networks are defined by a set of actors (individuals or organisations) and by the linkages between these actors.”

“Social networks can help improve a startup’s reputation or legitimacy and may function as a signal of quality (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Baum and Silverman, 2004; Berger and Choi, 2014).”

“We therefore still need “more research on the differences across individuals in the extent to which network resources are leveraged” (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003: 179).”

“…an important source of social support for entrepreneurs and they can be effective for providing and enhancing the sharing and exchange of information, which subsequently can lead to the success or failure of a business (De Carolis and Saparito, 2006; Hampton et al., 2009; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“…the longitudinal study was essential in demonstrating the long process of social change (Mcloes & Yates, 1997), political change, and the developmental patterns (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003) of the women's solidarity practices along with the political changes that took place over the decade.”

“In general, networking is perceived to have a positive impact on entrepreneurship (e.g. Hoang & Antoncic 2003; Greve 1995; Aldrich & Zimmer 1986), and further Dodd & Patra (2002) and Johannisson (2000) have argued that networking differs according to countries.”

“Network-related research distinguishes three main components of network-based studies to explain the role of networks in firm performance: network characteristics, network structure, and network governance (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Lechner, Dowling, & Welpe, 2006).”

“These studies neglect the broader social and cultural dynamics that embed start-ups (Ucbasaran, Westhead, & Wright, 2001; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003), and consequently do not consider how entrepreneurial goals, far from being inner causes of external behaviors, are publicly negotiated expressions of…”

“Hoang and Antoncic (2003) point out that networks benefit the entrepreneurial process by providing information and advice and that this extends well beyond the start-up stage.”

“Measures of these dimensions are drawn from Hsu and Pereira (2008) scale on resources available for international expansion, Blomstermo et al.”

“Introduction It is increasingly accepted that the process of networking undertaken by owner–managers of small firms is integral to the natural way that small businesses are managed (Aldrich and Zimmer 1986; Aldrich, Reese, and Dubini 1989; Birley 1985; Birley, Cromie, and Myers 1991; Carson et al. 1995; Chell and Bain…”

“Other studies also point out that when households gather information or specific knowledge on market conditions and opportunities, networks with many weak ties become important for success (Batjargal, 2003; Bruderl & Preisendorfer, 1998; Davidsson & Honig, 2003; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003).”

“…we take a cue from strategic entrepreneurship — that posits that entrepreneurial firms must simultaneously practice opportunity-seeking (exploration) and advantage-seeking (exploitation) behaviors (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; O ’ Donnell, Gilmore, Cummins, & Carson, 2001; Slotte-Kock & Coviello, 2010).”

“Previous research in entrepreneurship focused on entrepreneurial networks and their development from a social capital perspective, along with an interest in studying the progressive extension of new venture networks, from the start-up phase, to the maturity stage with a social network approach (Birley 1985; Dubini and…”

“Employing networks to achieve knowledge resources has become quite common in the business world since the late 1970s (for example, Borgatti and Foster 2003, Hoang and Antoncic 2003).”

“Networks are especially important for small and medium-sized firms, since they lack their own resources to compete effectively with other firms (Loveman and Sengenberger, 1991; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“We select young for-profit social enterprises, defined as firms 12 years old or younger (Hannan et al., 1996; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“The literature suggest a number of frameworks to categorize networks (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998).”

“2015; Chetty and Campbell-Hunt 2003), however, the process of entrepreneurial internationalization of international new ventures and networks are highly complex objects, and according to Hoang and Antoncic (2003), recall bias is a potential weakness for cross-sectional approach in this case.”

“To explore our research question, we use a qualitative, multi-case approach based on interviews with 22 NVLs.3 Researchers have long called for qualitative approaches to study network emergence (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Jack, 2005).”

“While there is an extant body of research regarding social capital and entrepreneurship, many questions remain, particularly, regarding how network content, governance and structure emerge and develop over time (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“However, when we investigate the impacts of entrepreneurs’ personal network structure, network size and network intensity—defined as the pattern of relationships that are engendered from the direct and indirect ties among actors (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003)—the coefficient of network size is statistically significant de…”

“Recent entrepreneurship literature has changed from viewing entrepreneurs as autonomous and rational decision makers toward viewing entrepreneurs as embedded in social networks (Aldrich and Zimmer 1986; Hoang and Antoncic 2003; O’Donnell, Gilmore, Cummins and Carson 2001).”

“Our data was supplier's lived experiences of collaborative innovation, collected by interview (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Patton, 2002; Van Manen, 1990).”

“Hoang and Antoncic [16] defined the concept of the network as “consisting of a set of actors (nodes) and a set of relationships (links) connecting these actors.”

“Social capital is a distinct concept within public health, explicitly characterizing social systems and supporting a link between the structural (social stratification) and intermediary (social circumstance) social determinants of health,(17) and offers new insights into community development and health promotion appr…”

“…(cf. Birley, 1985; Jarillo, 1989; Johannisson, 1995; Johannisson & Mönsted, 1997; Human & Provan, 2000; O’Donnell et al., 2001; Greve & Salaff, 2003; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Westerberg & Ylinenpää, 2006) and a growing body of research on entrepreneurial teams (Cooper, 1986; Cooper & Daily,…”

“Emotional support of entrepreneurs has been wellrecognized in the literature as important (Hoang and Antoncic 2003; Liao and Welsch 2005; Prasad et al. 2013).”

“However, much remains to be discovered about networks and their development in the entrepreneurial process, (Jack, 2010), and there have been calls for qualitative research to increase understanding of the phenomenon (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Jack, 2010).”

“Emotional support of entrepreneurs is also well-recognized in the literature as important (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003, Liao and Welsch, 2005, Prasad et al., 2013).”

“…of a founding team’s network prior to incubation, eight measurements across three dimensions: structure (ties, density and centrality), governance (reputation, reciprocity and trust), and content (quality and diversity of information) (Amit & Zott, 2001; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003) are employed.”

“Entrepreneurship is then a process resulting from the continuous interaction between entrepreneurs and the context in which their activities are embedded (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Mair and Martí, 2006).”

“…happens, in part, because as firms develop, they accumulate resources (e.g., knowledge and experience from partners and their own operations) and build up additional capabilities (Yli-Renko, Autio, and Tontti, 2002) that reduce their early dependence on their networks (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“According to Hoang and Antoncic (2003), these three components emerge as key elements in models that seek to explain the process of network development during entrepreneurial activity.”

“Hoang and Antoncic (2003) suggest that pursuing advice/information is considered the main reason for networking. As discussed in Hoang and Antoncic (2003), most of the existing research on SMEs considers network relationships from this perspective, which is based on strong exchange of information and trust.”

“Answering such questions is both practically relevant and theoretically important; understanding the processes of networking can help explain the origins of crucial differences in entrepreneurs’ networks (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Stuart & Sorenson, 2007; Tasselli, Kilduff, & Menges, 2015).”

“The quality and nature of social network interactions affect the resource outcomes (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“And entrepreneurial networking is well established as a means of acquiring information and other resources (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“A variety of empirical research has also examined cooperative network strategy and firm performance particularly as measured by growth (Ardichvili and Cardozo, 2000; Chell and Baines, 2000; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Huggins, 2000; Jarillo, 1989; Sawyer et al., 2003; Zhao and Aram, 1995).”

“The way Avaro and its owners gained business legitimation was through such association (Alvarez & Barney, 2001; Birley, 1985; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003) and our interviews revealed relationships with chaebol were considered a more satisfactory business outcome than independent growth through REI.”

“These networks provide access to resources, employment, psychological aid, information and advice (Abell et al., 2001; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003) that can be mobilised to facilitate entrepreneurial actions (Adler and Kwon, 2002).”

“New firms with greater access to network capital are better able to innovate and acquire knowledge through securing resources that enable them to develop and succeed (Aldrich and Zimmer 1986, 1987; Hoang and Antoncic 2003; Huggins and Thompson 2015; Tello et al. 2012).”

“Studies that understand how individuals successfully create and manage new ventures through networks and learning are increasingly popular in entrepreneurship literature (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Politis, 2005; Rae, 2005; Rae and Carswell, 2001; Ravasi and Turati, 2005; Wang and Chugh, 2014).”

“More specifically, ECs provide potential entrepreneurs with network resources that support newventure creation (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Light et al., 1993).”

“…the heterogeneity of resource possession plays a major role in the development of entrepreneurial intention and the eventual take-up of entrepreneurship (Alvarez & Busenitz, 2001; Barnett et al., 1994; Barney, 1991; Dierickx & Cool, 1989; Gulati, 1999; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Wright et al., 2012).”