Network-based research in entrepreneurship

“Networks help entrepreneurs gather market and technological knowledge, acquire resources such as investment capital, and gain access to customers and suppliers (Greve and Salaff 2003; Hoang and Antoncic 2003).”

“As Hoang and Antoncic (2003) appropriately argue, entrepreneurial studies should be longitudinal and show how network content, governance and structure emerge over time.”

“Moreover, networks can enhance a venture’s legitimacy (Baum & Silverman, 2004) and reputation, and may thus serve as a signal of venture quality (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Stuart et al., 1999).”

“For example, network relations provide emotional support for entrepreneurial risk-taking, and this in turn is thought to enhance persistence to remain in business (Hoang and Antoncic 2003).”

“Social context: Substantial attention has focused on how the networks between entrepreneurs, trading partners, financiers, and incumbent firms influence the nature of entrepreneurship (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Dubini and Aldrich, 1991).”

“Dense social networks within regions have long been seen as a key criterion of entrepreneurship and innovation because they support the circulation of knowledge about new opportunities, new technologies, and the entrepreneurship process more generally (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“Researchers increasingly acknowledge that entrepreneurial activity is embedded in network relationships that direct resource flows to entrepreneurs who are somehow better connected (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“The concept of an entrepreneurial community is likely an extension of the rich research stream on entrepreneurial networks (see Hoang & Antoncic, 2003, for a review), yet this research highlights how, with the development of new communication technologies, e.g., the Web, blogs, and social networks,…”

“…communities that provide them with access to resources that they do not own (e.g. Davidsson and Honig, 2003; Hite, 2005; Hite and Hesterley, 2001; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Lechner et al., 2006; Palmatier, 2008; Starr and Fondas, 1992) Community orientation reflects the extent to which…”

“This requires both qualitative and quantitative research designs and longitudinal stud - ies that combine processes and mechanisms with outputs and outcomes (cf. Hoang & Antoncic, 2003 ).”

“Until now, the role of structural social capital in the form of personal networks has been studied as an important element in the creation and development of entrepreneurial firms (Jack and Anderson, 2002; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Greve and Salaff, 2003).”

“…from 190 Journal of Management / January 2013 great deal about the nature of relationship ties and how they influence entrepreneurial activity (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Jack, 2005), there is much work to be done in understanding what happens to these ties as the result of business failure.”

“Social Capital and Network Formation Recent research has shown the importance of social capital in entrepreneurial settings (Davidsson & Honig, 2003; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998; Shane & Cable, 2002), including the strength of networks (Birley, 1985), as instrumental for…”

“…(i.e., recognition, evaluation, and action) when they have considerable knowledge (Davidsson and Honig, 2003; Shane, 2000), have access to information (Fiet, 2007; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003), rapidly make decisions (Eisenhardt, 1989; Forbes, 2005), and are cognitively flexible (Haynie et al., 2010).”

“More in general, the empirical analysis of the dynamics of networks in entrepreneurship studies is still rare, although conceptually, it has attracted wide attention (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003).”

“cultural factors, entrepreneurial activity, institutional economics, social factors, social networks”

“Others draw upon sociological theories and emphasize social network correlates of demography (see Hoang and Antoncic, 2003, for a review of networks and entrepreneurship).”

“Dealing with network dynamics, qualitative and inductive research as suggested by Larson (1992) as well as by Hoang and Antoncic (2003) is not the only option.”

“See Hoang and Antoncic (2003) and Street and Cameron (2007) for more extensive treatments.”

“At this stage, entrepreneurs rely most heavily on industry contacts linked to salient role identities, and personal contacts associated with long-term, valued relationships (Ardichvili et al., 2003; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003).”

“A review of network research by Hoang and Antoncic (2003) demonstrates that the entrepreneurship literature emphasizes network content (the nature of relationships and the resource access they provide), network governance (how networks and resource flows are coordinated) and network structure (the…”

“There is broad consensus that when tackling social phenomena, rich detail is so essential to the research process that qualitative studies are preferred (Bansal and Corley, 2012; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Jack et al., 2010; Pratt, 2009; Uzzi, 1997).”

“However, as seeking advice (and information) is one of the major purposes of networking (Hoang and Antoncic 2003), the data should provide a reasonable indication of the range and intensity of Australian SME owner’s level of networking (formal and informal) allowing the hypothesized relationships…”

“…the flow of various resources, such as materials, workforce but also more generally capabilities, information, business partners and opportunities in various situations (Dobrow et al. 2011; Hoang and Antoncic 2003; Mahmood et al. 2011; Martinez and Aldrich 2011; Soh 2010; Sullivan and Marvel 2011).”

“Networks provide their members a variety of resources, including information and knowledge flows (Sorenson & Stuart, 2008), especially in denser networks (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003), but also legitimacy and funding, due to the positive signal associated with network membership (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003).”

“342 Johannisson (1998) makes a similar point, arguing that the strong-willed individual is much more comprehensible, for both researchers and practitioners, than the complexity of social interplay.”

“Although studies that adopt a more dynamic approach to this issue are limited in number (Hoang and Antoncic 2003), they produce contradictory results.”

“…gives Lachmann’s capital theory the potential to provide a much-needed theoretical foundation for network-based research in entrepreneurship (Hoang and Antoncic 2003) and to inform studies such as Garud and Karnøe’s (2003), which found that entrepreneurs create technologies using multiple…”

“In a recent review of the network literature in entrepreneurship, Hoang and Antoncic (2003) called for more process, longitudinal research, with network constructs as the 'dependent' variable.”

“Every entrepreneur’s network consists of a mixture of weak and strong ties (Dubini and Aldrich 1991; Hoang and Antoncic 2003).”

“Current research on entrepreneurship clearly documents the importance of social capital, stressing the ways in which individuals take advantage of their own social affiliations and network strategies in pursuit of their entrepreneurial goals (for a review, see Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“2001) or Big Five personality traits (Klein et al. 2004), affect individuals’ network structural position and career success. A second stream of research examines more directly the impact of individuals’ behaviors as they relate to tie formation. Thus, Obstfeld (2005) finds that employees who were more oriented to ini…”

“…the dynamics, processes and complexities of networks are best accessed through qualitative methodologies (Chell & Haworth, 1992; Hill et al., 1999; Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Johannisson, 1986; Johannisson & Mønsted, 1997; Larson, 1992; Lechner & Dowling, 2003; O’Donnell, Gilmore, Cummins, & Carson,…”

“Business networks are important determinants of business performance and research in this area has yielded a number of important findings (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“Entrepreneurs, in addition, rely on their networks for information, advice and for signaling reputation (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“Network transparency may lead to positive social judgment assessments by others, encouraging positive exchange outcomes (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“…between community social capital and entrepreneurial activities, most empirical work focuses on social capital at the individual level, particularly on the role of personal networks in promoting entrepreneurship (for reviews, see Hoang and Antoncic 2003; Kim and Aldrich 2005; Ruef 2010).”

“In this sense, a relation may reduce the barrier to accessing a network (Hoang and Antonic, 2003; Sanner, 1997).”

“Second, we limited our search to research published in six leading management journals and six leading social science disciplinary journals.2 We developed this list by identifying top-ranked journals in the relevant fields in published journal rankings.”

“PTE & 1042-2587 © 2013 Baylor University 749July, 2014 DOI: 10.1111/etap.12025 defined as “a set of actors and some set of relationships that link them” (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003, p. 167).”

“Third, we contribute to network research in IE by deepening our understanding regarding the dynamics of entrepreneurial networking as a process, and by the means of qualitative methodology (Hoang and Antoncic 2003; Slotte-Kock and Coviello 2010; Jack 2010).”

“…do to shape their personal networks signifies scholars' efforts to break away from earlier deterministic accounts of tie1 formation (for a review and critique see Emirbayer and Goodwin, 1994; Gulati and Srivastava, 2014; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Porter and Woo, 2015; Stuart and Sorenson, 2007).”

“Social contacts can also facilitate starting a business and thus can be positively associated with the treatment variable (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“Such experienced entrepreneurs are likely to have established strong ties with a diversity of overseas and local actors (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003).”

“There is a large literature that suggests that entrepreneurial success is increased by better and larger social networks (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Johannisson, 2002).”

“…phenomena such as networks, rich detail is so essential to the research process that qualitative studies are to be preferred (Blackburn et al., 1990; Chell and Haworth, 1992; Johannisson and Mønsted, 1997; Uzzi, 1997; Hill et al., 1999; Zeleny, 2001; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Jack et al., 2008).”

“…concepts are especially relevant in that they capture the amount of information, advice, and other resources that one obtains from others (Freeman, 1979; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003), which is in fact the primary benefit that networking groups are intended to yield.2 Passion and out-degree centrality.”

“The qualitative approach we took in this investigation also contributes toward better understanding (Hoang and Antoncic 2003) how and why firms identify and/or create internationalization opportunities and how they further develop the strategy for pursuing these.”

“In acknowledging the theoretical importance of network influences (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003), we introduced another construct labeled “Social Network Support.””

“However, our finding that weak and strong ties have different effects on bootstrapping is important in itself, given the vibrant debate on the value of weak and strong tie networks for nascent entrepreneurs (e.g., Davidsson and Honig, 2003; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003).”

“In particular, given growing reflexivity about the role of ‘weak ties’ in entrepreneurial ventures (Bruderl and Preisendorfer, 1998; Hoang and Antoncic, 2003) it is insightful to consider implications about the role of multiplex relationships suggested by this study.”