The amygdala and emotion

“…positive emotions in animals (e.g., Holland and Gallagher, 1999; Rolls, 1999; Ono and Nishijo, 1992; Everitt et al., 1999; Baxter and Murray, 2002, Gallagher and Chiba, 1996) and humans (Anderson et al., 2003; Canli et al., 2002; Hamann et al., 1999; Johnsrude et al., 2000), suggesting that the…”

“gif" NDATA ITEM> ]> Studies with human”

“A great deal of evidence suggests that emotional information is processed in parallel by brain systems responsible for identifying emotional aspects of information (the amygdala system) (Gallagher and Chiba 1996; LeDoux 1993, 1996) and other brain areas primarily responsible for identifying nonemotional aspects of inf…”

“of emotional memories has also been established in humans and animals [191,210-214].”

“…example of such an instantiation in mammals is the amygdala, which has long been associated with negative emotions such as fear, but which has increasingly been associated with positive emotions as well (Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; Paton et al., 2006; Tye et al., 2011; Jennings et al., 2013).”

“, which, through its projections to hypothalamic and brainstem areas, is thereby able to coordinate the behavioural, endocrine and autonomic responses that form an integrated emotional respons”

“gif" NDATA ITEM> ]> Experiments in human”

“, 1987; McDonald, 1991), a subcortical system widely implicated in the ability to learn the motivational significance of cues (Everitt et al., 1989, 1991; Davis, 1992; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; Hatfield et al., 1996; LeDoux, 1996; Balleine et al., 1997; Killcross et al., 1997).”

“Complete bilateral amygdala ablation leads to a state of hypoemotionality.(37,38) In contrast, we found the amygdala to be enlarged in patients with bipolar disorder, suggesting possible hypertrophy of this brain region that might reflect dysfunction underlying the mood lability of bipolar disorder.”

“The recognition of these cues as danger signals is conveyed to the amygdala, which sets off a fear response (Gallagher & Chiba, 1996).”

“…signal change in the NAc), processing of emotional information (see Breiter et al., and do not produce activation that correlates with pain 1996b; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996) along with pro- intensity (as measured by VAS scores). cessing of pain and analgesia information (Bernard and Besson,…”

“Different amygdala subnuclei mediate different learning and motivational processes underlying behaviors controlled by appetitive or aversive stimul”

“A number of roles have been proposed, including anticipation of reward (Gallagher & Chiba, 1996), modulation of attention to appetitive stimuli (Gallagher & Holland, 1992), and goal-directed behavior (Robbins & Everitt, 1996).”

“Discussing the neurobiology of motivation and reinforcement, Robbins and Everitt (1996:229) concur, implicating the mesolimbic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area to the ventral striatum, including the nucleus accumbens (Figure 1). Several neuroscientists report that related structures are mo…”

“Nevertheless, the involvement of several distinct CeA projection neurons as positive mediators of appetitive behavior validates the integral role of the CeA in reward-related function (Badrinarayan et al., 2012; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; Gallagher et al., 1990; Knapska et al., 2006; Parkinson et al., 2000; Ron and Ba…”

“They suggested that the effects of BLA lesion in their study could be attributed to the interference of the lesion with the formation of the CS-US association in conditioning, consistent with the widely documented involvement of this region in reinforcement processes (Cador et al. 1991; LeDoux 1992; Gallagher and Chib…”

“Numerous reports have noted that damage to the amygdala produces wide-ranging changes in emotional responses to both rewarding events and signals that predict rewarding events in both humans (Adolphs et al., 1998; Morris et al., 1998) and nonhuman primates (Gaffan and Harrison, 1987; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; Malkova…”

“It functions to integrate emotion, cognition and autonomic signals and is crucial to the perception of and responses to fear, stress and drugs of abuse (Gallagher & Chiba, 1996; Maren & Fanselow, 1996; Rasia-Filho et al., 2000; LeDoux, 2003; See et al., 2003; McGaugh, 2004; Phelps & LeDoux, 2005).”

“second-order conditioning although they fail to learn a conditioned orienting response (Gallagher and Chiba, 1996).”

“The amygdala is widely recognized as one of the principle brain structures, along with the striatum, associated with Pavlovian learning (Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; Klü ver and Bucy, 1939; LeDoux, 2000a; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Murray, 2007).”

“This activity in visual cortex might in turn stimulate new activity in auditory cortex that represented the sound of a conversation one had with that friend; it would also stimulate irrelevant information from other episodes that involved this particular friend.”

“…pictures, PG exhibited higher brain activation than controls in areas involved in the reactivity to emotional information (i.e., the amygdala; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996), in the formation of interoceptive representation (the insular cortex; Craig, 2009), and in the regulation of emotional…”

“Diazepam-induced anxiolysis appeared absent in mice with the 2H101R point mutation but present in mice with the 3H126R point mutation compared with wild-type controls when assessed using two locomotor-dependent tests: light– dark choice and elevated plus maze (Löw et al., 2000).”

“Gallagher & Chiba, 1996; Gallagher, 2000; Baxter & Murray, 2002).”

“Within this network of critical structures, the amygdala are thought to play a crucial role in the mediation of fear-induced aggression, a subtype of defensive aggression (Aggleton, 1993; LeDoux, 1995; Charney and Deutch, 1996; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996).”

“…information from the cortex that is then “tagged” with an emotional valence that is transmitted to other subcortical and cortical brain regions, including the PFC (eg Cardinal et al., 2002; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; LeDoux, 2003; LeDoux et al., 1990; Quirk et al., 1995).”

“The amygdala complex has been identified as part of the neural circuitry critical for emotional reactivity and emotional memory ( Gallagher & Chiba, 1996; LeDoux, 2000; McGaugh, Cahill, & Roozendaal, 1996).”

“The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) registers unexpected events in the environment via its projections to cholinergic neurons in the BF that are ultimately essential to an animal’s ability to increment attention to unexpected events (Chiba et al., 1995; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; Avery et al., 2012).”

“Originally the amygdala was seen as a central structure for processing emotions [11, 39, 47, 54, 83, 119], and indeed its complex biochemistry includes a ma-”

“…learning and memory to link sensory information and affective significance (Aggleton 2000; Bailey et al. 1999; Blair et al. 2001; Buchel and Dolan 2000; Davis 1998; Everitt et al. 1999; Gallagher and Chiba 1996; Holland and Gallagher 1999; Le- Doux 2000; Maren 2001; Post et al. 1998; Rolls 2000).”

“Moreover, the AMY is a key substrate for processing emotion [113] and associative condition-”

“When complex stimulus representations exist, such as those associated with arousal and attention to biologically relevant stimuli, it has been suggested that these representations have a greater propensity to be mediated by corticoamygdalar interactions than by thalamo-amygdalar pathways (Aggleton and Mishkin, 1986; K…”

“…of sensory stimuli, emotional learning and memory, fear, anxiety and depression, and stress responses (Aggleton 1992; Cahill 1999; Davidson et al. 1999; Davis 1994, 1998; Gallagher and Chiba 1996; Gallagher and Schoenbaum 1999; LeDoux 1996; Maren 1999; Post et al. 1998; Rasia-Filho et al.”

“, 1992) and emotional reactivity regions, such as the amygdala (Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; Morris et al., 1996), may form part of a circuit that decreases in efficiency as preschoolers with high frustration tolerance reach middle childhood and adolescence.”

“In support, the DMH sends marked projections to the septum and amygdala [55,61,64], and these telencephalic structures are well documented to mediate the affective or motivational component of various behaviors [65–67].”

“The cells of the pyriform cortex are linked to the formation of the amygdala, which has been associated with a range of cognitive functions, including emotion, learning, memory, attention, and perception (Gallagher and Chiba 1996).”

“, Gallagher & Chiba , 1996 ) , Knutson and colleagues ( 2006 ) interpreted this pattern of activation as indicative of partisan bias at the neural level .”

“These results, shown in Figure 3, are consistent with a large body of literature demonstrating a crucial role for the amygdala in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear responses (for review, see Davis, 1992; Kapp et al., 1992; LeDoux, 1995, 1996; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996; Maren and Fanselow, 1996).”

“The amygdala has long been identified with emotion and emotional behavior [58,59]; our work was designed to illuminate its roles in other aspects of learning, ranging from cognitive control to the modification of speciesspecific behavior [39].”

“…involved in the regulation of memory and autonomic and endocrine responses, as well as in mechanisms of attention and cognitive evaluation of the environmental stimuli related to the acquisition of learned emotional responses (for review, see Gallagher and Chiba 1996; Davis and Whalen 2001).”

“…LindquistPhDd, Tor WagerPhDe, Mohammad MiladPhDd, Yuval NeriaPhDa,⁎ aColumbia University Department of Psychiatry and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., New York, NY 10032, United States bDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical…”

“The amygdala has been associated with a range of cognitive functions, including emotion, learning, memory, attention and perception (30).”

“…electrodes, the regions with the highest mean ID are the supramarginal gyrus, which is involved with phonological processing (Deschamps et al., 2014), the lateral obitofrontal cortex, involved with sensory integration (Rolls, 2004), and the amygdala, involved with emotion (Gallagher & Chiba, 1996).”

“, 1995), a structure known to modulate emotional responses to stress (Gallagher and Chiba, 1996).”

“…agreed that the hippocampus is involved in spatial, relational and ⁄ or contextual learning (O’Keefe & Nadel, 1978; Burgess et al., 1999; Eichenbaum et al., 1999; Jeffery et al., 2004), whereas the amygdala is required for emotional learning (Gallagher & Chiba, 1996; Davis, 1992; LeDoux, 1995).”

“DISCUSSION These results show that excessive eating of fat caused by opioid stimulation of the nucleus accumbens is dependent on neural activation in the amygdala, a region widely recognized for its critical role in emotional regulation and associative learning [8].”

“The amygdala is closely involved in affective processing (Gallagher and Chiba, 1996) and the temporal pole is proximal to and densely connected with the amygdala (Bach et al., 2011; Bickart et al., 2012).”

“, 1992) and is thought to be crucial in certain forms of associative and emotional memories (for review, see Gaffan, 1992; LeDoux, 1992; Gallagher and Chiba, 1996).”

“Thus, although not required for the acquisition of simple conditioned fear responses, neocortical processing seems necessary for discriminative conditioning as well as for the extinction of conditioned fear responses (LeDoux, 1995a; 1995b; Gallagher & Chiba, 1996).”