Lust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction
Abstract
This paper proposes that mammals exhibit three primary emotion categories for mating and reproduction: (1) the sex drive, or lust, characterized by the craving for sexual gratification; (2) attraction, characterized by increased energy and focused attention on one or more potential mates, accompanied in humans by feelings of exhilaration, "intrusive thinking" about a mate, and the craving for emotional union with this mate or potential mate; and (3) attachment, characterized by the maintenance of close social contact in mammals, accompanied in humans by feelings of calm, comfort, and emotional union with a mate. Each emotion category is associated with a discrete constellation of neural correlates, and each evolved to direct a specific aspect of reproduction. The sex drive is associated primarily with the estrogens and androgens; it evolved to motivate individuals to seek sexual union. The attraction system is associated primarily with the catecholamines; it evolved to facilitate mate choice, enabling individuals to focus their mating effort on preferred partners. The attachment system is associated primarily with the peptides, vasopressin, and oxytocin; it evolved to motivate individuals to engage in positive social behaviors and assume species-specific parental duties.During the evolution of the genus Homo, these emotion systems became increasingly independent of one another, a phenomenon that contributes to human mating flexibility and the wide range of contemporary human mating and reproductive strategies.
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Underlying human love is a set of basic brain systems for lust, attraction, and attachment that have evolved among mammals.
“Underlying human love is a set of basic brain systems for lust, attraction, and attachment that have evolved among mammals.”
From Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships (2012) · cites this paper as Fisher 1998
The lust system promotes mating with a range of promising partners.
“The lust system promotes mating with a range of promising partners;”
From Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships (2012) · cites this paper as Fisher 1998
The attraction system guides us to choose and prefer a particular partner.
“the attraction system guides us to choose and prefer a particular partner;”
From Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships (2012) · cites this paper as Fisher 1998
The attachment system fosters long-term bonding, encouraging couples to cooperate and stay together until their parental duties have been discharged.
“and the attachment system fosters long-term bonding, encouraging couples to cooperate and stay together until their parental duties have been discharged (Fisher 1998; Fisher et al. 2002).”
From Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships (2012) · cites this paper as Fisher 1998
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Bugental, D. B. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.187 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
The neurobiology of pair bonding: Insights from a socially monogamous rodent
Young, K. A., Gobrogge, K. L., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.07.006 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice
Fisher, H. E., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1938 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationRomantic love: an fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice.
Fisher, H., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L. (2005) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20772 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationAn integrative theoretical framework for understanding sexual motivation, arousal, and behavior
Toates, F. (2009) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490902747768 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Reward, Addiction, and Emotion Regulation Systems Associated With Rejection in Love
Fisher, H. E., Brown, L. L., Aron, A., Strong, G., & Mashek, D. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00784.2009 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationDefining the Brain Systems of Lust, Romantic Attraction, and Attachment
Fisher, H. E., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., & Brown, L. L. (2002) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1019888024255 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationYounger, J., Aron, A., Parke, S., Chatterjee, N., & Mackey, S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013309 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships
Gonzaga, G. C., Turner, R. A., Keltner, D., Campos, B., & Altemus, M. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.163 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Hook-up behavior: A biopsychosocial perspective.
Garcia, J. R., & Reiber, C. (2008) · Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0099345 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Emerging Perspectives on Distinctions Between Romantic Love and Sexual Desire
Diamond, L. M. (2004) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00287.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Fisher, H. (2000) · Journal of Sex Education and Therapy · doi:10.1080/01614576.2000.11074334 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationLove is more than just a kiss: a neurobiological perspective on love and affection
de Boer, A., van Buel, E. M., & Ter Horst, G. J. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.017 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Bales, K. L., Ardekani, C. S., Baxter, A., Karaskiewicz, C. L., Kuske, J. X., Lau, A. R., Savidge, L. E., Sayler, K. R., & Witczak, L. R. (2021) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105062 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Neuroenhancement of love and marriage: the chemicals between us.
Savulescu, J., & Sandberg, A. (2008) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-007-9002-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love
Emanuele, E., Politi, P., Bianchi, M., Minoretti, P., Bertona, M., & Geroldi, D. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.09.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Murray, S. L., Griffin, D. W., Derrick, J. L., Harris, B., Aloni, M., & Leder, S. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611403155 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
On the interpersonal dynamics of sexuality
Dewitte, M. (2014) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2012.710181 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-Determination and Sexual Experience in Dating Relationships
Brunell, A. B., & Webster, G. D. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213485442 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Earp, B. D., Sandberg, A., & Savulescu, J. (2012) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-012-0081-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Cooper, J. C., Dunne, S., Furey, T., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht102 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fisher, H. E.
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, Helen E.
- ORCID
- Fisher, Helen E.
- Venue
- Human Nature
- Published
- 1998-03
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-52
- ISSN
- 1045-6767 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-4776
- OpenAlex
- W2062574939
- Cited by
- 429
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 6.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Human Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- lust, sexual attraction, attachment, mammalian reproduction, sexual desire, mate choice, vasopressin, oxytocin, catecholamines, estrogen, androgens, neural correlates of emotion, human mating strategies, parental behavior, social behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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