The DOI matches its Crossref record; 139 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The MLQ and its subscales have previously demonstrated strong psychometric properties [72, 73].”
From Leading the charge in the education sector: development and validation of the School Implementation Leadership Scale (SILS) (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“The dimensions of the FRL are sensitive to context (Antonakis, Avolio, & Sivasubramaniam, 2003) so it is not surprising that the PSI-LC has some conceptual similarities to aspects of the FRL model.”
From The Roles of System and Organizational Leadership in System-Wide Evidence-Based Intervention Sustainment: A Mixed-Method Study (2016) · cites this paper as Antonakis, Avolio, & Sivasubramaniam, 2003
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/bf02723327 · Cited by 26,163
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
Triandis, H. C., & Hofstede, G. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393257 · Cited by 17,696
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638601200408 · Cited by 17,102
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,424
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Berson, Y. (1999). A comprehensive assessment of leadership using triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods. Dissertation Abstracts International (University Microfilms No. 9927942).
- *Colyar, M. R. (1994). Leader behavior, timing, type, and faculty acceptance of changes initiated by nurse education executives. Dissertation Abstracts International (University Microfilms No. 9512253).
- *Kessler, T. G. (1993). The relationship between transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership behaviors and job satisfaction in a research environment. Dissertation Abstracts International (University Microfilms No. 9335053).
- *Kilker, M. J. (1994). Transformational and transactional leadership styles: an empirical investigation of Roger's principle of integrality. Dissertation Abstracts International (University Microfilms No. 9432597).
- *Lokar, T. G. (1995). A social cognitive perspective on the transformational leadership process. Dissertation Abstracts International (University Microfilms No. 9536306).
- *Schwartz, S. M. (1999). Transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership: an investigation of Bass's (1985) theory in the perioperative environment. Dissertation Abstracts International (University Microfilms No. 9938888).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,000
Transformational leadership and job satisfaction: the moderating effect of contingent reward
Puni, A., Mohammed, I., & Asamoah, E. S. (2018) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-11-2017-0358 · Cited by 137
Charismatic leadership, change and innovation in an R&D organization
Paulsen, N., Maldonado, D., Callan, V. J., & Ayoko, O. B. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/09534810910983479 · Cited by 134
Charisma as signal: An evolutionary perspective on charismatic leadership
Grabo, A. E., Spisak, B. R., & van Vugt, M. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001 · Cited by 152
Graves, L. M., Sarkis, J., & Gold, N. (2018) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.007 · Cited by 149
How transformational leadership predicts employees’ affective commitment and performance
Ribeiro, N. M. P., Yücel, İ., & Gomes, D. R. (2018) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-09-2017-0229 · Cited by 149
Staff nurse perceptions of nurse manager leadership styles and outcomes
Casida, J. M., & PARKER, J. (2011) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01252.x · Cited by 128
Hunt, J. G., Stelluto, G. E., & Hooijberg, R. (2004) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.009 · Cited by 127
Leadership styles in SMEs: a mixed-method approach
Franco, M., & Matos, P. G. (2013) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-013-0283-2 · Cited by 134
Asiri, S. A., Rohrer, W., Al-Surimi, K. M., Da’ar, O. O., & Ahmed, A. E. (2016) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-016-0161-7 · Cited by 124
Transformational and transactional leadership and followers’ chronic stress
Rowold, J., & Schlotz, W. (2009) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 125
Brown, F. W., Bryant, S. E., & Reilly, M. D. (2006) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730610677954 · Cited by 123
Chen, M. Y.-C., Lin, C. Y., Lin, H., & McDonough, E. F. (2012) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-012-9285-9 · Cited by 137
Menon, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-01-2013-0014 · Cited by 123
The context deficit in leadership research
Johns, G. (2023) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2023.101755 · Cited by 134
Rowold, J., & Rohmann, A. (2009) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.240 · Cited by 120
Guhr, N., Lebek, B., & Breitner, M. H. (2018) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12202 · Cited by 122
Leadership-organizational culture relationship in nursing units of acute care hospitals.
Casida, J. M., & Zipp, G. P. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 118
Zaech, S., & Baldegger, U. (2017) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242616676883 · Cited by 118
MacKie, D. (2014) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/cpb0000005 · Cited by 142
Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)
Lani, J. A. (2010) · Cited by 116
Hilton, S. K., Madilo, W., Awaah, F., & Arkorful, H. (2021) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-02-2021-0152 · Cited by 193
Leadership styles and burnout: is there an association?
Zopiatis, A., & Constanti, P. (2010) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/09596111011035927 · Cited by 115
Leadership in the Context of Temporary Organizations
Tyssen, A. K., Wald, A. E., & Heidenreich, S. (2013) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051813502086 · Cited by 118
Jam, F. A., Singh, S. K. G., Ng, B., & Aziz, N. (2018) · International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies · doi:10.20469/ijbas.4.10003-5 · Cited by 124
Age-Based Faultlines and Perceived Productive Energy: The Moderation of Transformational Leadership
Kunze, F., & Bruch, H. (2010) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496410366307 · Cited by 117
Ding, X. Q., Li, Q., Zhang, H., Sheng, Z., & Wang, Z. (2017) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.02.005 · Cited by 128
Task and person-focused leadership behaviors and team performance: A meta-analysis
Booms, M. C., Curșeu, P. L., & Oerlemans, L. A. G. (2016) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.010 · Cited by 132
Organizational factors that support the implementation of a nursing Best Practice Guideline
Marchionni, C., & Ritchie, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007.00775.x · Cited by 107
A New Leadership Development Model for Nursing Education
Miles, J. M., & Scott, E. S. (2018) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2018.09.009 · Cited by 106
Busari, A. H., Khan, S. N., Abdullah, S. M., & Mughal, Y. H. (2019) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-03-2018-0083 · Cited by 106
Yücel, İ. (2021) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci11030081 · Cited by 135
Furtner, M. R., Baldegger, U., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2012) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2012.665605 · Cited by 106
Cole, M. S., Bedeian, A. G., & Feild, H. S. (2006) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106287434 · Cited by 105
Psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire among nurses
Kanste, O. I., Miettunen, J., & Kyngäs, H. A. (2006) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04100.x · Cited by 103
Lee, C., Yeh, W.-C., Zheng, Y., & Lin, X.-C. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18007 · Cited by 198
Clercq, D. D., & Belausteguigoitia, I. (2017) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2017.7 · Cited by 101
Diebig, M., Bormann, K. C., & Rowold, J. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.04.001 · Cited by 101
Leadership in Extreme Contexts
Geier, M. T. (2016) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051815627359 · Cited by 107
Antonakis, J. (2003) · The International Journal of Organizational Analysis · doi:10.1108/eb028980 · Cited by 100
Self-citationSchriesheim, C. A., Wu, J. B., & Scandura, T. A. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.04.005 · Cited by 99
Hargis, M. B., Watt, J., & Piotrowski, C. (2011) · Organization development journal · Cited by 98
Aboramadan, M., & Dahleez, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-12-2019-0499 · Cited by 121
Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance
Jyoti, J., & Bhau, S. (2015) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015612518 · Cited by 110
Evaluation of a Long-Term Transformational Leadership Development Program
Abrell, C., Rowold, J., Weibler, J., & Moenninghoff, M. (2011) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/239700221102500307 · Cited by 90
Transformational leadership and employee turnover intention
Gyensare, M. A., Anku-Tsede, O., Sanda, M.-A., & Okpoti, C. A. (2016) · World Journal of Entrepreneurship Management and Sustainable Development · doi:10.1108/wjemsd-02-2016-0008 · Cited by 135
Servant Leadership Behaviour Scale: A hierarchical model and test of construct validity
Sendjaya, S., & Cooper, B. K. (2010) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594321003590549 · Cited by 96
Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Shamir, B. (2009) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726709346377 · Cited by 92
Does gender affect innovation? Evidence from female chief technology officers
Wu, Q., Dbouk, W., Hasan, I., Kobeissi, N., & Zheng, L. (2021) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104327 · Cited by 98
Mapping and modeling the capacities that underlie effective cross‐cultural leadership
Deng, L., & Gibson, P. (2009) · Cross Cultural Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13527600911000339 · Cited by 91
Andersen, L. B., Bjørnholt, B., Bro, L. L., & Holm-Petersen, C. (2018) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/0020852316654747 · Cited by 89
“Bass (1985) developed the concept ‘‘transformational leadership’’, which has since been highly influential particularly in the generic leadership literature (Antonakis et al., 2003).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Leader-Member Exchange on Member Performance in Virtual World Teams
Goh, S. H., & Wasko, M. M. (2012) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00308 · Cited by 89
Leadership Styles as Predictors of Innovative Work Behavior
Khan, M. J., Aslam, N., & Riaz, M. N. (2012) · Cited by 88
Vecchio, R. P. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.005 · Cited by 85
A Review of Research Evidence on the Antecedents of Transformational Leadership
Sun, J., Chen, X., & Zhang, S. (2017) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci7010015 · Cited by 119
Crisis, Charisma, and Consequences: Evidence from the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election
Merolla, J. L., Ramos, J. M., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2007) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00492.x · Cited by 87
The relationship between transformational leadership and cultural intelligence
Keung, E. K., & Rockinson‐Szapkiw, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-04-2012-0049 · Cited by 109
Successful principalship: the Swedish case
Höög, J., Johansson, O., & Olofsson, A. (2005) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/09578230510625692 · Cited by 85
Transformational Leadership and Task Cohesion in Sport: The Mediating Role of inside Sacrifice
Cronin, L., Arthur, C. A., Hardy, J., & Callow, N. (2015) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2014-0116 · Cited by 85
Relationship between leadership behaviors and performance
Rowold, J. (2011) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731111161094 · Cited by 84
Academic Journal of Economic Studies
Editura.Universitara, P. (2020) · Cited by 83
Sosik, J. J., & Cameron, J. C. (2010) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/a0022104 · Cited by 83
The influence of transformational leadership on followers’ affective commitment
Stinglhamber, F., Marique, G., Caesens, G., Hanin, D., & Zanet, F. D. (2015) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-12-2014-0158 · Cited by 82
Heinitz, K., & Rowold, J. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089.51.1.1 · Cited by 82
Vessey, W. B., Barrett, J. D., Mumford, M. D., Johnson, G., & Litwiller, B. J. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.03.001 · Cited by 82
Nawaz, M. M., & Bodla, M. A. (2010) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v5n4p208 · Cited by 81
Policy to implementation: evidence-based practice in community mental health – study protocol
Beidas, R. S., Aarons, G. A., Barg, F. K., Evans, A. C., Hadley, T. R., Hoagwood, K., Marcus, S. C., Schoenwald, S. K., Walsh, L., & Mandell, D. S. (2013) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-8-38 · Cited by 80
Examining the Factor Structure of the MLQ
Heinitz, K., Liepmann, D., & Felfe, J. (2005) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.21.3.182 · Cited by 81
Mind the Gap: Gender Differences in Global Leadership Self-Efficacies
Javidan, M., Bullough, A., & Dibble, R. (2015) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3460210 · Cited by 83
Is There a Female Leadership Advantage?
Offermann, L. R., & Foley, K. O. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.61 · Cited by 81
Leadership in context: investigating hierarchical impacts on transformational leadership
Bruch, H., & Walter, F. H. (2007) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730710835452 · Cited by 81
Linking active transactional leadership and safety performance in military operations
Martínez-Córcoles, M., & Stephanou, K. D. (2017) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.03.013 · Cited by 68
Turkish Ministry of National Education, & Atasoy, R. (2020) · International Journal of Progressive Education · doi:10.29329/ijpe.2020.277.16 · Cited by 80
The heritability of emergent leadership: Age and gender as moderating factors
Chaturvedi, S., Zyphur, M. J., Arvey, R. D., Avolio, B. J., & Larsson, G. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.004 · Cited by 89
Self-citationIslamic organizational leadership within a Western society: The problematic role of external context
Faris, N., & Parry, K. W. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.012 · Cited by 90
Barbuto, J. E., & Gifford, G. T. (2010) · Journal of Leadership Education · doi:10.12806/v9/i2/rf1 · Cited by 82
Transactional Leadership and Project Success: The Moderating Role of Goal Clarity
Aga, D. A. (2016) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.190 · Cited by 77
Kurt, T., Duyar, İ., & ÇALIK, T. (2011) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621711211191014 · Cited by 77
The influence of leader core self-evaluation on follower reports of transformational leadership
Hu, J. J., Wang, Z., Liden, R. C., & Sun, J. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.05.004 · Cited by 79
Advanced Research in the Field of Transformational Leadership
Felfe, J., Tartler, K., & Liepmann, D. (2004) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/239700220401800302 · Cited by 78
Fostering environmental champions: A process to build their capacity to drive change
Taylor, A., Cocklin, C., & Brown, R. R. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.001 · Cited by 75
Fosse, T. H., Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S. V., & Martinussen, M. (2019) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1634550 · Cited by 75
Görgens‐Ekermans, G., & Roux, C. (2021) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1279 · Cited by 116
Darroch, S., & MAZEROLLE, L. G. (2012) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611112467411 · Cited by 79
The impacts of leadership on workplace conflicts
Doucet, O., Poitras, J., & Chênevert, D. (2009) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444060910991057 · Cited by 75
Extraversion, openness and conscientiousness
Zopiatis, A., & Constanti, P. (2012) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731211193133 · Cited by 85
Weischer, A. E., Weibler, J., & Petersen, M. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.03.003 · Cited by 73
The Leadership Teachers Want from Principals: Transformational
Hauserman, C. P., & Stick, S. L. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation · Cited by 72
Mesu, J. K., Sanders, K., & van Riemsdijk, M. J. (2015) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-01-2014-0020 · Cited by 76
Untangling the relationship between gender and leadership
Rhee, K. S., & Sigler, T. H. (2015) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/gm-09-2013-0114 · Cited by 95
Negussie, N., & Demissie, A. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 72
Transformational, transactional and laissez‐faire leadership among physician executives
Xirasagar, S. (2008) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/14777260810916579 · Cited by 71
A survey of social media use, motivation and leadership among public relations practitioners
Sweetser, K. D., & Kelleher, T. (2011) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.08.010 · Cited by 71
Willis, S. M., Clarke, S., & O’Connor, E. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12172 · Cited by 89
Predictors of leadership: The usual suspects and the suspect traits
Antonakis, J. (2011) · IRIS · Cited by 69
Self-citationLeadership and innovation capability development in strategic alliances
Schweitzer, J. (2014) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-01-12-0001 · Cited by 69
Instrumental Leadership: Extending the Transformational-Transactional Leadership Paradigm
Rowold, J. (2014) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/239700221402800304 · Cited by 76
Oliver, P. H., Gottfried, A. W., Guerin, D. W., Gottfried, A. E., Reichard, R. J., & Riggio, R. E. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.04.010 · Cited by 75
Sayadi, Y. (2016) · Management in Education · doi:10.1177/0892020615625363 · Cited by 68
Grill, M., Nielsen, K. J., Grytnes, R., Pousette, A., & Törner, M. (2018) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2018.1526388 · Cited by 70
Daly, A. J., Der‐Martirosian, C., Ong-Dean, C., Park, V., & Wishard, A. G. (2011) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2011.557517 · Cited by 74
Metadata
- Authors
- Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Duquesne University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Antonakis, John
- Venue
- The Leadership Quarterly
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-295
- ISSN
- 1048-9843 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2027972351
- Cited by
- 1,533
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 28.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Leadership Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, measurement invariance, environmental risk, leadership context, factor structure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review