Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627-1600 B.C.
Abstract
Precise and direct dating of the Minoan eruption of Santorini (Thera) in Greece, a global Bronze Age time marker, has been made possible by the unique find of an olive tree, buried alive in life position by the tephra (pumice and ashes) on Santorini. We applied so-called radiocarbon wiggle-matching to a carbon-14 sequence of tree-ring segments to constrain the eruption date to the range 1627-1600 B.C. with 95.4% probability. Our result is in the range of previous, less precise, and less direct results of several scientific dating methods, but it is a century earlier than the date derived from traditional Egyptian chronologies.
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All the scientific dating evidence could indicate a likely date for the Santorini/Thera eruption in the later 17th century BCE potentially compatible with the 1628-1626 BCE range.
“Since we may now remove the Porsuk tree-ring growth anomaly from this discussion (see above), all the scientific dating evidence could therefore indicate a likely date for the Santorini/Thera eruption in the later 17th century BCE potentially compatible with the 1628–1626 BCE range (e.g. [66, 68, 69, 78–81, 89–92]).”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [90]
The uncalibrated radiocarbon date of the outermost tree rings of the olive branch at Thera is 3331 ± 10 BP (Hd-23588/24402).
“The uncalibrated radiocarbon date of the outermost tree rings, 3331 ± 10 BP (Hd-23588/24402)”
From The Minoan Thera eruption predates Pharaoh Ahmose: Radiocarbon dating of Egyptian 17th to early 18th Dynasty museum objects (2025) · cites this paper as [192]
No consensus has yet been reached between archaeological evidence linked to the Egyptian chronology and 14C dating for the date of the Thera eruption.
“Despite numerous efforts to pin down this date through archaeological evidence linked to the Egyptian chronology and by 14 C dating, no consensus between both methods has yet been reached (Baiter 2006;Friedrich et al. 2006Friedrich et al. ,2009;;Manning et al. 2006Manning et al. , 2009a;;Bietak and Höflmayer 2007;Wiener 2009;Bruins 2010;Bietak 2012).”
From The Chronology of Tell El-Daba: A Crucial Meeting Point of<sup>14</sup>C Dating, Archaeology, and Egyptology in the 2nd Millennium BC (2012) · cites this paper as Friedrich et al. 2006
Both the olive tree and samples from the volcanic destruction layer in Akrotiri grew far away from known volcanic vents; therefore, a dead carbon contribution is unlikely for these samples.
“Both the olive tree (Friedrich et al. 2006) and samples from the volcanic destruction layer in Akrotiri (Manning et al. 2006) grew far away from known volcanic vents; therefore, a dead carbon contribution is unlikely for these samples.”
From The Chronology of Tell El-Daba: A Crucial Meeting Point of<sup>14</sup>C Dating, Archaeology, and Egyptology in the 2nd Millennium BC (2012) · cites this paper as Friedrich et al. 2006
All three 14C results point to a Santorini eruption date in the second half of the 17th century BC.
“All 3 14 C results point to a Santorini eruption date in the second half of the 17th century BC.”
From The Chronology of Tell El-Daba: A Crucial Meeting Point of<sup>14</sup>C Dating, Archaeology, and Egyptology in the 2nd Millennium BC (2012) · cites this paper as Friedrich et al. 2006
The data in this study, as well as for the original Santorini olive, show an old to young gradient in radiocarbon measurement from inner to outer-most sample, with radiocarbon ages approximately supporting growth increment counts.
“The data in this study, as well as for the original Santorini olive27, show an old to young gradient in terms of radiocarbon measurement from inner to outer-most sample, with radiocarbon ages approximately supporting growth increment counts.”
From Olive shrub buried on Therasia supports a mid-16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
The uncalibrated radiocarbon measurements from the Therasia olive are broadly consistent with determinations for the Santorini olive.
“The uncalibrated radiocarbon measurements derived from the Therasia olive (Table 1) are broadly consistent with determinations for the Santorini olive27.”
From Olive shrub buried on Therasia supports a mid-16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
The sequence of four radiocarbon measurements from the Santorini olive branch represents a period of time rather than the single season represented by other Thera-relevant samples.
“The sequence of four radiocarbon measurements from the Santorini olive branch ( 10 ) has the advantage of representing a period of time rather than the single season (or range of single seasons) represented by other Thera relevant samples.”
From Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Many existing radiocarbon determinations have been recalibrated multiple times, with calibrations to older iterations of IntCal returning probability distributions ranging into the 16th century because of a slight shift in the position of a well-described radiocarbon plateau in the calibration curve.
“Many of the existing radiocarbon determinations have been recalibrated multiple times, with calibrations to older iterations of IntCal [for example, ( 3 , 10 )] returning probability distributions ranging into the 16th century because of a slight shift in the position of a well-described ( 3 ) radiocarbon plateau in the calibration curve.”
From Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Our priors are the correct choices if one's stated intention is to remove any constraint on the ring counting altogether and because the selection (number and location) of samples within the olive tree was not random but designed.
“Our priors are, however, the correct choices if one ' s stated intention is to remove any constraint on the ring counting altogether and because the selection (number and location) of samples within the olive tree was not random but designed ( 10 ).”
From Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
The second series is from an olive (Olea europaea) branch section where 14C dates are available from an ordered sequence from inner to outer growth segments.
“The second series is from an olive (Olea europaea) branch section where 14 C dates are available from an ordered sequence from inner to outer growth segments [80,81].”
From Second Intermediate Period date for the Thera (Santorini) eruption and historical implications (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
The end Boundary for the olive branch Sequence is regarded as the estimate for the date of the outermost growth increment and so the date for, or very close TPQ for, the Thera eruption.
“The end Boundary for the Sequence is regarded as the estimate for the date of the outermost growth increment of the original branch/tree and so the date for, or very close TPQ for, the Thera eruption (that likely killed and buried the tree [80, 81, 146])”
From Second Intermediate Period date for the Thera (Santorini) eruption and historical implications (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
The wood segments 14C-dated across the olive branch from Thera in [80] come from a growth node and progress from older to more recent in a temporal sequence.
“The wood segments 14 C-dated across the olive branch from Thera in [80] come from a growth node (see [80] at Fig 1), and thus not only progress from older to more recent in a temporal sequence [80,81,146]”
From Second Intermediate Period date for the Thera (Santorini) eruption and historical implications (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
The Thera olive branch dates were run as LLGPC measurements at the Hd 14C laboratory.
“In the case of the olive branch, we may note one additional important element: The dates on the sample were run as LLGPC measurements at the Hd 14C laboratory (58).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
The 14C ages on a section of olive wood found buried by the eruption (Friedrich et al. 2006) are consistent with the dating offered by the short-lived samples from Akrotiri.
“Since the 14 C ages on a section of olive wood found buried by the eruption (Friedrich et al. 2006) are also consistent with the dating offered by the short-lived samples from Akrotiri”
From Considerations of the Scale of Radiocarbon Offsets in the East Mediterranean, and Considering a Case for the Latest (Most Recent) Likely Date for the Santorini Eruption (2012) · cites this paper as Friedrich et al. 2006
The late 17th century BC date accords well with the date range suggested for the last growth increment of an olive tree branch plausibly killed and buried by the Santorini eruption.
“Such a date accords well with the date range suggested for the last growth increment of an olive tree branch plausibly killed and buried by the Santorini eruption (Friedrich et al. 2006;Friedrich and Heinemeier 2009;Manning et al. 2009:312, Table 3; Manning 2010:465; Manning et al. 2010: Figure 14, Table 8).”
From Considerations of the Scale of Radiocarbon Offsets in the East Mediterranean, and Considering a Case for the Latest (Most Recent) Likely Date for the Santorini Eruption (2012) · cites this paper as Friedrich et al. 2006
A wiggle-match for the 4 dates from the olive tree based on published results indicates a date between 1621 and 1605 cal BC (1σ, 68.2% probability).
“A wiggle-match for these 4 dates based on the published results indicates a date between 1621 and 1605 cal BC (1σ, 68.2% probability).”
From The Date of the Minoan Santorini Eruption: Quantifying the “Offset” (2012) · cites this paper as Friedrich et al. 2006
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- Authors
- Friedrich, W. L., Kromer, B., Friedrich, M., Heinemeier, J., Pfeiffer, T., & Talamo, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Hohenheim (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Friedrich, Walter L.
- Heinemeier, Jan
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2006-04-28
- Volume
- 312
- Issue
- 5773
- Pages
- 548-548
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2073478171
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 14.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- Santorini eruption, Santorini, Minoan eruption, radiocarbon wiggle-matching, Olea europaea, tephra, tree-ring chronology, Bronze Age chronology, eruption dating, Egyptian chronology
- MeSH terms
- Greece, Ancient, Archaeology, Carbon Radioisotopes, Volcanic Eruptions, Olea, History, Ancient
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