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Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
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“Lakatos (1970) has distinguished between two types of propositions within a theory: hard core propositions and protective belt propositions.Hard core propositions cannot be altered without scrapping the entire theory, but protective belt propositions can be altered while preserving the key, central hypotheses.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Lakatos, 1970
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Portraying epistemology: School science in historical context
Rudolph, J. L. (2002) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.1055 · Cited by 106
The Path Analysis Controversy: A new statistical approach to strong appraisal of verisimilitude.
Meehl, P. E., & Waller, N. G. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.3.283 · Cited by 106
“…corrupted models produced an RMSr that was smaller than or equal to that calculated from D*. Ideally, prior to fitting a model, the investigator considers all paths in D* to determine which paths, if any, can be eliminated or added without jeopardizing the core tenets of theory T (Lakatos, 1970).”
ResultHow stands the Tree of Life a century and a half after The Origin?
O'Malley, M. A., & Koonin, E. V. (2011) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-6-32 · Cited by 106
Hashweh, M. Z. (2003) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/s0742-051x(03)00026-x · Cited by 106
Kane, M. T. (1996) · Applied Measurement in Education · doi:10.1207/s15324818ame0904_4 · Cited by 106
Amade-Escot, C. (2000) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.20.1.78 · Cited by 110
CONSTRUTIVISMO, MUDANÇA CONCEITUAL E ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS: PARA ONDE VAMOS? (1)
Mortimer, E. F. (2016) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 106
Richards, J. R. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47201-5_2 · Cited by 106
Tracing the Progress of Process Tracing
Hall, P. A. (2012) · European Political Science · doi:10.1057/eps.2012.6 · Cited by 106
“On this issue, my views are deeply influenced by Imre Lakatos (1970) who argued that Science is a project that entails formulating theories and examining them in the light of empirical observations.”
BackgroundDryzek, J. S. (1993) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822381815-010 · Cited by 105
Metadata
- Authors
- Lakatos, I.
- Venue
- Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1970-09-02
- Pages
- 91-196
- OpenAlex
- W256019955
- Cited by
- 4,649
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 195 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 84.37
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Logic and Philosophy of Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Keywords
- falsification, scientific research programs, methodology of science, Karl Popper, philosophy of science
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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