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Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
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“Lakatos (1970) has distinguished between two types of propositions within a theory: hard core propositions and protective belt propositions.Hard core propositions cannot be altered without scrapping the entire theory, but protective belt propositions can be altered while preserving the key, central hypotheses.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Lakatos, 1970
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“In contrast, what one ought to do when testing a statement’s truth is the subject of controversy even among scientists and philosophers of science (e.g., Duhem 1954; Earman 1992; Horwich 1982; Lakatos 1970; Putnam 1974).”
BackgroundHummel, D., Jähn, T., Keil, F., Liehr, S., & Stieß, I. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9071050 · Cited by 94
Bennett, A. J., & Elman, C. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199219322.003.0029 · Cited by 87
Livingston, E. (1999) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/030631299029006003 · Cited by 82
Thomas Kuhn's impact on science education: What lessons can be learned?
Matthews, M. R. (2003) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.10111 · Cited by 83
Intentional Contents and Self-Control
Orden, G. C. V., & Holden, J. G. (2002) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1080/10407413.2003.9652753 · Cited by 82
Nursing's syntax revisited: a critique of philosophies said to influence nursing theories
Gortner, S. R. (1993) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/0020-7489(93)90019-q · Cited by 82
Evolutionary Foundations of Developmental Psychopathology
Giudice, M. D., & Ellis, B. J. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy201 · Cited by 82
“Philosopher of science Imre Lakatos (1970) referred to these basic a priori assumptions as the hard core of a research program.”
BackgroundThe name and nature of Translator Studies
(2017) · Benjamins translation library · doi:10.1075/btl.132.c25 · Cited by 81
Lifelong Learning: Concepts and Conceptions
Aspin, D., & Chapman, J. D. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6193-6_1 · Cited by 81
Smyth, H., Lecoeuvre, L., & Vaesken, P. (2017) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.04.013 · Cited by 91
“This essentially means that a weight of evidence argument is employed (Lakatos, 1970), whereby research progressively presents additional evidence to point towards particular outcomes, in contrast to verification or falsification arguments.”
Níaz, M. (1995) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.3730790103 · Cited by 81
Metadata
- Authors
- Lakatos, I.
- Venue
- Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1970-09-02
- Pages
- 91-196
- OpenAlex
- W256019955
- Cited by
- 4,649
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 195 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 84.37
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Logic and Philosophy of Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Keywords
- falsification, scientific research programs, methodology of science, Karl Popper, philosophy of science
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