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Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
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“Lakatos (1970) has distinguished between two types of propositions within a theory: hard core propositions and protective belt propositions.Hard core propositions cannot be altered without scrapping the entire theory, but protective belt propositions can be altered while preserving the key, central hypotheses.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Lakatos, 1970
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Chiu, M., & Lin, J. (2005) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.20062 · Cited by 148
Looking Inside the Labor Market: A Review Article
Howitt, P. W. (2002) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/0022051026994 · Cited by 145
“Lakatos (1970) argues that the hard core of a scientific research program is typically protected by such a thick layer of interpretation that it is not directly refutable.”
BackgroundIntroductory Essay: Scientific Discovery and the Future of Philosophy of Science
Nickles, T. (1980) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8986-3_1 · Cited by 142
The Stakeholder Research Tradition: Converging Theorists—Not Convergent Theory
Treviño, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (1999) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1999.1893930 · Cited by 144
The design process: properties, paradigms, and structure
Braha, D., & Maimon, O. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans · doi:10.1109/3468.554679 · Cited by 158
Counting Things and People: The Practices and Politics of Counting
Martin, A., & Lynch, M. (2009) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2009.56.2.243 · Cited by 142
“Such auxiliary hypotheses can be used to ward off any conclusion that the results falsify the hypothesis being tested (Lakatos 1970).”
BackgroundMethodological Atheism, Methodological Agnosticism and Religious Experience
Porpora, D. V. (2006) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2006.00296.x · Cited by 147
Is There a “Party” in Your Genes?
Hatemi, P., Alford, J. R., Hibbing, J. R., Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (2008) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912908327606 · Cited by 141
Science education in sociocultural context: Perspectives from the sociology of science
Kelly, G. J., Carlsen, W. S., & Cunningham, C. M. (1993) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.3730770208 · Cited by 142
Berzonsky, M. D. (2004) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620444000120 · Cited by 140
Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus other therapies: redux.
Baardseth, T. P., Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B. T., Wislocki, A. P., Frost, N. D., Siddiqui, J. R., Lindemann, A., Kivlighan, D., Laska, K. M., Re, A. D. D., et al. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.004 · Cited by 131
Metadata
- Authors
- Lakatos, I.
- Venue
- Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1970-09-02
- Pages
- 91-196
- OpenAlex
- W256019955
- Cited by
- 4,649
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 195 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 84.37
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Logic and Philosophy of Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Keywords
- falsification, scientific research programs, methodology of science, Karl Popper, philosophy of science
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