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Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
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“Lakatos (1970) has distinguished between two types of propositions within a theory: hard core propositions and protective belt propositions.Hard core propositions cannot be altered without scrapping the entire theory, but protective belt propositions can be altered while preserving the key, central hypotheses.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Lakatos, 1970
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Vendrig, A. A. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00053-2 · Cited by 58
“According to some philosophies of science (Kuhn, 1962; Lakatos, 1970), the “empirical facts” uncovered prior to the occurrence of a scientific revolution (in this case, the shift from the disease model to the biopsychosocial model of medicine) can take on a completely different meaning within a new…”
BackgroundLinearity and Reflexivity in the Growth of Mathematical Knowledge
Corry, L. (1989) · Science in Context · doi:10.1017/s0269889700000880 · Cited by 58
Dumont, F. (1993) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.24.2.196 · Cited by 58
Sociology and political arithmetic: some principles of a new policy science1
Lauder, H., Brown, P., & Halsey, A. H. (2004) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00002.x · Cited by 58
Expanding the Constructivist Metaphor: A Rhetorical Perspective on Literacy Research and Practice
Greene, S., & Ackerman, J. M. (1995) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543065004383 · Cited by 58
Taking Evolution Seriously: Historical Institutionalism and Evolutionary Theory
Lustick, I. S. (2011) · Polity · doi:10.1057/pol.2010.26 · Cited by 58
Science: An unreliable friend to environmental education?
Ashley, M. (2000) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/713664678 · Cited by 57
Sandry, J. D., Trafimow, D., Marks, M. J., & Rice, S. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060868 · Cited by 56
Nature of Science in General Chemistry Textbooks
Níaz, M., & Maza, A. (2011) · Springer briefs in education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1920-0 · Cited by 57
Taber, K. S. (2008) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500690801975594 · Cited by 57
Detecting Psychological Phenomena: Taking Bottom-Up Research Seriously
Haig, B. D. (2013) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.2.0135 · Cited by 67
Metadata
- Authors
- Lakatos, I.
- Venue
- Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1970-09-02
- Pages
- 91-196
- OpenAlex
- W256019955
- Cited by
- 4,649
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 195 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 84.37
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Logic and Philosophy of Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Keywords
- falsification, scientific research programs, methodology of science, Karl Popper, philosophy of science
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