High processed meat consumption is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study
Open accessAbstract
Relatively small lifestyle modifications related to weight reduction, physical activity and diet have been shown to decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes. Connected with diet, low consumption of meat has been suggested as a protective factor of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the consumption of total meat or the specific types of meats and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention cohort included middle-aged male smokers. Up to 12 years of follow-up, 1098 incident cases of diabetes were diagnosed from 24 845 participants through the nationwide register. Food consumption was assessed by a validated FFQ. In the age- and intervention group-adjusted model, high total meat consumption was a risk factor of type 2 diabetes (relative risk (RR) 1·50, 95 % CI 1·23, 1·82, highest v.lowest quintile). The result was similar after adjustment for environmental factors and foods related to diabetes and meat consumption. The RR of type 2 diabetes was 1·37 for processed meat (95 % CI 1·11, 1·71) in the multivariate model. The results were explained more by intakes of Na than by intakes of SFA, protein, cholesterol, haeme Fe, Mg and nitrate, and were not modified by obesity. No association was found between red meat, poultry and the risk of type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, reduction of the consumption of processed meat may help prevent the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes. It seems like Na of processed meat may explain the association.
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Large studies evaluating poultry and incident diabetes have shown mixed results including higher risk, no risk, and lower risk.
“Large studies evaluating poultry and incident diabetes have shown mixed results including higher risk, no risk, and lower risk.178, 190-195”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [193]
The sum of evidence suggests that optimal levels of sodium intake are ~2000 mg/d and could be lower.
“Overall, while adverse effects of rapid sodium reduction cannot be excluded, and true optimal lower limits remain uncertain, the sum of evidence suggests that optimal levels of sodium intake are ~2000 mg/d193, 200-204 and could be lower.304”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [193]
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- Authors
- Männistö, S., Kontto, J., Kataja-Tuomola, M., Albanes, D., & Virtamo, J.
- Affiliations
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Männistö, Satu
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-02-26
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1817-1822
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- PMC
- PMC3496924
- OpenAlex
- W1977848386
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institutes of Health (N01-RC- 45035, N01RC37004, n01rc37004-9-0-0, n01cn045165-030, N01 RC037004)
- National Cancer Institute (N01 CN045165, N01 CN 45165, ZIACP010195)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Meat and Animal Product Quality
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, processed meat, meat consumption, dietary sodium, red meat, poultry, diabetes risk factors, dietary intake, smokers, middle-aged men, dietary protein
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cattle, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Double-Blind Method, Food Handling, Humans, Male, Meat, Meat Products, Middle Aged, Obesity, Poultry, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, Treatment Outcome, Sodium Chloride, Dietary
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