Gut microbiota and energy balance: role in obesity
Open accessAbstract
The microbial community populating the human digestive tract has been linked to the development of obesity, diabetes and liver diseases. Proposed mechanisms on how the gut microbiota could contribute to obesity and metabolic diseases include: (1) improved energy extraction from diet by the conversion of dietary fibre to SCFA; (2) increased intestinal permeability for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in response to the consumption of high-fat diets resulting in an elevated systemic LPS level and low-grade inflammation. Animal studies indicate differences in the physiologic effects of fermentable and non-fermentable dietary fibres as well as differences in long- and short-term effects of fermentable dietary fibre. The human intestinal microbiome is enriched in genes involved in the degradation of indigestible polysaccharides. The extent to which dietary fibres are fermented and in which molar ratio SCFA are formed depends on their physicochemical properties and on the individual microbiome. Acetate and propionate play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Acetate serves as a substrate for de novo lipogenesis in liver, whereas propionate can be utilised for gluconeogenesis. The conversion of fermentable dietary fibre to SCFA provides additional energy to the host which could promote obesity. However, epidemiologic studies indicate that diets rich in fibre rather prevent than promote obesity development. This may be due to the fact that SCFA are also ligands of free fatty acid receptors (FFAR). Activation of FFAR leads to an increased expression and secretion of enteroendocrine hormones such as glucagon-like-peptide 1 or peptide YY which cause satiety. In conclusion, the role of SCFA in host energy balance needs to be re-evaluated.
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Short-chain fatty acids can constitute about 2.2% of daily caloric intake.
“SCFAs can constitute about 2.2% of daily caloric intake [18]”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Blaut, M.
- Venue
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-12-18
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227-234
- ISSN
- 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2719
- OpenAlex
- W2147152358
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 5.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, obesity, energy balance, short-chain fatty acids, dietary fiber fermentation, intestinal permeability, lipopolysaccharide, low-grade inflammation, acetate, propionate, de novo lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, free fatty acid receptors, enteroendocrine hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, satiety, high-fat diet
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Dietary Fiber, Energy Metabolism, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Glucose, Humans, Inflammation, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Lipopolysaccharides, Obesity, Permeability, Satiation, Peptide YY, Lipid Metabolism, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Incretins
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