Progression to AIDS, a clinical AIDS condition and mortality: psychosocial and physiological predictors
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The primary aim of this study is to examine prospectively the association of stressful life events, social support, depressive symptoms, anger, serum cortisol and lymphocyte subsets with changes in multiple measures of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. METHODS: Ninety-six HIV-infected gay men without symptoms or anti-retroviral medication use at baseline were studied every 6 months for up to 9 years. Disease progression was defined in three ways using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classifications (e.g. AIDS, clinical AIDS condition and mortality). Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were used, adjusting for control variables (e.g. race, age, baseline, CD4 T cells and viral load, number of anti-retroviral medications). RESULTS: Higher cumulative average stressful life events and lower cumulative average social support predicted faster progression to both the CDC AIDS classification and a clinical AIDS condition. Higher anger scores and CD8 T cells were associated with faster progression to AIDS, and depressive symptoms were associated with faster development of an AIDS clinical condition. Higher levels of serum cortisol predicted all three measures of disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that stressful life events, dysphoric mood and limited social support are associated with more rapid clinical progression in HIV infection, with serum cortisol also exerting an independent effect on disease progression.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women.
Schnitzer, P. K., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1980) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2065631 · Cited by 3,053 · see citing works
Survival analysis using the SAS system : a practical guide
Allison, P. D. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,402 · see citing works
A Brief Measure of Social Support: Practical and Theoretical Implications
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Shearin, E. N., & Pierce, G. R. (1987) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407587044007 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
Mortality, CD4 Cell Count Decline, and Depressive Symptoms Among HIV-Seropositive Women
Ickovics, J. R., Hamburger, M. E., Vlahov, D., Schoenbaum, E. E., Schuman, P. C., BOLAND, R. J., & Moore, J. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.11.1466 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Depression and immunity: A meta-analytic review.
Herbert, T. B., & Cohen, S. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.472 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
van Eck, M., Berkhof, H., Nicolson, N., & Sulon, J. (1996) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199609000-00007 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Maggi, E., Mazzetti, M., Ravina, A., Annunziato, F., Carli, M., Piccinni, M. P., Manetti, R., Carbonari, M., Pesce, A. M., Prete, G. D., et al. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8023142 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Leserman, J., Jackson, E. D., Petitto, J. M., Golden, R. N., Silva, S. G., Perkins, D. O., Cai, J., Folds, J. D., & Evans, D. L. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199905000-00021 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationDembroski, T. M., MacDougall, J. M., Costa, P. T., & Grandits, G. A. (1989) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198909000-00003 · Cited by 377 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In addition, we now study the role of anger, a trait that has been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Barefoot et al. 1983, 1995; Dembroski et al. 1989) and with conflicting effects in cancer prognosis (Fox, 1995; Scheier & Bridges, 1995; Butow et al.”
BackgroundLeserman, J., Petitto, J. M., Golden, R. N., Gaynes, B. N., Gu, H., Perkins, D. O., Silva, S. G., Folds, J. D., & Evans, D. L. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1221 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citationOliva, A., Kinter, A. L., Vaccarezza, M., et al. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci2323 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Barefoot, J. C., Larsen, S., von der Lieth, L., & Schroll, M. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117663 · Cited by 285 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, we now study the role of anger, a trait that has been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Barefoot et al. 1983, 1995; Dembroski et al. 1989) and with conflicting effects in cancer prognosis (Fox, 1995; Scheier & Bridges, 1995; Butow et al. 1999).”
BackgroundGea‐Banacloche, J., Migueles, S. A., Martino, L., Shupert, W. L., McNeil, A. C., Sabbaghian, M. S., Ehler, L. A., Prussin, C., Stevens, R. A., Lambert, L., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.1082 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms as Predictors of Medical Outcomes in HIV Infection
Lyketsos, C. G. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510210049026 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Perry, S. W. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820050060010 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Severe life stress as a predictor of early disease progression in HIV infection
Evans, D. L., Leserman, J., Perkins, D. O., Stern, R. A., Murphy, C. V., Zheng, B., Gettes, D. R., Longmate, J., Silva, S. G., van der Horst, C. M., et al. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.5.630 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationCytotoxic T lymphocytes against HIV
Walker, B. D., & Plata, F. (1990) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199003000-00001 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ironson, G. H., Friedman, A. L., Klimas, N. G., Antoni, M. H., FLETCHER, M. A., LaPerriere, A. R., Simoneau, J., & Schneiderman, N. (1994) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0101_6 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Comorbidity and survival in HIV-Infected men in the San Francisco Men's Health Survey
Page, K. A., DeLorenze, G. N., Satariano, W. A., & Winkelstein, W. (1996) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(96)00064-6 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Psychosocial Predictors of Survival in Metastatic Melanoma
Butow, P. N., Coates, A. S., & Dunn, S. M. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1999.17.7.2256 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Relationship of psychosocial factors to HIV disease progression1,2,3
Patterson, T. L., Shaw, W. S., Semple, S. J., Cherner, M., McCutchan, J. A., Atkinson, J. H., Grant, I., & Nannis, E. D. (1996) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02903937 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Hydrocortisone and some other hormones enhance the expression of HTLV‐III
Markham, P. D., Salahuddin, S. Z., Veren, K., Orndorff, S., & Gallo, R. C. (1986) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910370112 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Social Support and the Development of Immune Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Theorell, T., Blomkvist, V., Jonsson, H., Schulman, S., Berntorp, E. E., & Stigendal, L. (1995) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199501000-00005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Evans, D. L., Leserman, J., Perkins, D. O., Stern, R. A., Murphy, C., Tamul, K. R., Liao, D., van der Horst, C. M., Hall, C. D., & Folds, J. D. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.543 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationClerici, M., Trabattoni, D., Piconi, S., Fusi, M. L., Ruzzante, S., Clerici, C., & Villa, M. L. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00019-x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The role of psychological factors in cancer incidence and prognosis.
Fox, B. H. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid level and neuropsychiatric symptoms in homosexual men with HIV infection
Gorman, J. M., Kertzner, R. M., Cooper, T. B., et al. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.1.41 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Steroids as Regulators of the Mammalian Immune Response
Daynes, R. A., Araneo, B. A., Hennebold, J. D., et al. (1995) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1995.4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Maes, M., Bosmans, E., Suy, E., Minner, B., & Raus, J. (1991) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700020419 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Natural immunity and HIV disease progression
Ullum, H., Lepri, A. C., Aladdin, H., et al. (1999) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199904010-00004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Depression, natural killer cell activity, and cortisol secretion
Miller, A. H., Asnis, G. M., Lackner, C., Halbreich, U. M., & Norin, A. J. (1991) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90054-p · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Social relationships and immune processes in HIV seropositive gay and bisexual men
Miller, G. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., Cole, S. W., & Visscher, B. R. (1997) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02883331 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Leserman, J. (2000) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-000-0008-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationCortisol, high cortisol diseases and anti-cortisol therapy
Sapse, A. T. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00024-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Reexamining AIDS research priorities
Paul, W. E. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7839138 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vanham, G. L., Kestens, L., Gigase, P., et al. (1990) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05395.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: The glucocorticoid solution
Corley, P. A. (1996) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90043-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
CD8 lymphocytes in HIV infection: helpful and harmful.
Famularo, G., Moretti, S., Marcellini, S., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Poole, W. K., Fulkerson, W., Lou, Y., et al. (1996) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199609000-00012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychological Stress and Disease
Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Miller, G. E. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 · Cited by 3,168 · see citing works
Mood disorders in the medically ill: scientific review and recommendations
Evans, D. L., Charney, D. S., Lewis, L., Golden, R. N., Gorman, J. M., Krishnan, K. R. R., Nemeroff, C. B., Bremner, J. D., Carney, R. M., Coyne, J. C., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.001 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of depression, stress, and trauma in HIV disease progression
Leserman, J. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181777a5f · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Self-citationReduced telomerase activity in human T lymphocytes exposed to cortisol
Choi, J., Fauce, S. R., & Effros, R. B. (2008) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.12.004 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Ironson, G., Stuetzle, R., & Fletcher, M. A. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00648.x · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Immune suppression and immune activation in depression
Blume, J., Douglas, S. D., & Evans, D. L. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.008 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-citationHIV and Depression – a systematic review of interventions
Sherr, L., Clucas, C., Harding, R., Sibley, E., & Catalan, J. (2011) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2011.579990 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Positive Affect Predicts Lower Risk of AIDS Mortality
Moskowitz, J. T. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000073873.74829.23 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
McCain, N. L., Gray, D. P., Elswick, R. K., Robins, J. W., Tuck, I., Walter, J. M., Rausch, S. M., & Ketchum, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.3.431 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
2006 Curt P. Richter award winner
DeVries, A. C., Craft, T. K. S., Glasper, E. R., Neigh, G. N., & Alexander, J. K. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.007 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Intimate Partner Violence: A Predictor of Worse HIV Outcomes and Engagement in Care
Schafer, K. R., Brant, J., Gupta, S., Thorpe, J., Winstead-Derlega, C., Pinkerton, R., Laughon, K., Ingersoll, K., & Dillingham, R. (2012) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2011.0409 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
O׳Cleirigh, C., Magidson, J. F., Skeer, M. R., Mayer, K. H., & Safren, S. A. (2015) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2014.08.004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Carrico, A. W., Ironson, G., Antoni, M. H., Lechner, S. C., Durán, R. E., Kumar, M., & Schneiderman, N. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.04.005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Buckner, C. M., Luers, A. J., Calderon, T. M., Eugenin, E. A., & Berman, J. W. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-006-9017-3 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Serino, S., Triberti, S., Villani, D., Cipresso, P., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2014) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-013-0237-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Gonzalez, A., Solomon, S. E., Zvolensky, M. J., & Miller, C. T. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309102193 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Gordon, J. L., Halleran, M., Beshai, S., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Frederick, J., & Campbell, T. S. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105277 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Andersen, E., Geiger, P., Schiller, C., Bluth, K., Watkins, L., Zhang, Y., Xia, K., Tauseef, H., Leserman, J., Girdler, S., et al. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000889 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationIronson, G., Henry, S. M., & Gonzalez, B. D. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317726151 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- LESERMAN, J., PETITTO, J. M., GU, H., GAYNES, B. N., BARROSO, J., GOLDEN, R. N., PERKINS, D. O., FOLDS, J. D., & EVANS, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1059-1073
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W1974972585
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 8.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh044618-14)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 33127, MH 44618)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P30 AI49365)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00046, M01RR000046)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Keywords
- HIV disease progression, AIDS, gay men, life events, social support, depressive symptoms, anger, serum cortisol, CD8+ T cells, lymphocyte subsets, psychosocial predictors, mortality, psychobiology
- MeSH terms
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Adolescent, Adult, Anger, Depression, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sampling Studies, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, HIV Infections, Disease Progression, Homosexuality, Male, CD4 Lymphocyte Count
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review