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Efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in 45 adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over trial
Open accessAbstract
Background. Data on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are lacking in Europe. This study was undertaken to report on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in an adult out-patient population with ADHD, and to compare results with US data. Method. A double-blind randomized cross-over trial comparing methylphenidate and placebo in 45 adults with ADHD with childhood onset was performed in a dose–titration design. Methylphenidate was titrated from 0·5 mg/kg per day in week 1 up to 1·0 mg/kg per day in week 3. Results. Response rates using methylphenidate varied between 38 and 51%, and using placebo between 7 and 18% ( p <0·05), depending on outcome measure used. Although the overall percentage of subjects having any side effect on both methylphenidate and placebo was rather high, side effects on methylphenidate over and above those on placebo were few and mild. Conclusions. Methylphenidate proves to be an effective and well tolerated treatment for symptoms of ADHD in adults in the short term. Future research should study the long-term response and clarify the impact of gender, co-morbidity, socio-economic status and IQ on response rates in adults with ADHD.
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“Similarly in adults, co-morbidity is the rule, with 75% of clinical patients having at least one other disorder, and the mean number of psychiatric comorbidities being three [41,148].”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [148]
In the citing paper
“Comorbidity being the rule rather than the exception, the evaluation of co-occurring symptoms, syndromes and disorders must always be part of the clinical assessment of adult ADHD [148,150].”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [148]
In the citing paper
“Side-effects are usually mild and transitory, mainly consisting of headache, reduced appetite, palpitations, nervousness, difficulty falling asleep, and dry mouth [148,269,270].”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [148]
In the citing paper
“Compliance to such frequent dosing regimens is however poor in ADHD patients due to forgetfulness, inattentiveness and self-organisation problems, leading to daily instability by frequent rebound symptoms and ineffective treatment [148,289-291].”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [148]
In the citing paper
“The requirement for a longer duration of activity in adults, requires repetitive dosing with immediate release stimulants, of between three to four doses in most cases, and more often in others, to avoid rebound symptoms and for adequate control of ADHD symptoms during the day and evening [148,270].”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [148]
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Self-citationon behalf of the study group, Rösler, M., Fischer, R., Ammer, R., Ose, C., & Retz, W. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0845-4 · Cited by 155
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InfluentialAn update on the pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults
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InfluentialSelf-citationResponse to cocaine, alone and in combination with methylphenidate, in cocaine abusers with ADHD
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Self-citationA One Year Trial of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD
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“…the findings in the short-term trial support the conclusions of the robustness of the effects of methylphenidate found in seven previous studies of methylphenidate (Guilatieri et al., 1985; Kooji et al., 2004; Mattes et al., 1984; Spencer et al., 1995, 2005; Wender et al., 1985; Wood et al., 1976).”
ResultSafety of therapeutic methylphenidate in adults: a systematic review of the evidence
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“Whereas stimulants remain the mainstay of treatment for ADHD due to their large effect sizes (Alliance, 2008; Faraone, 2012; Faraone & Buitelaar, 2010; Faraone & Glatt, 2010; Kooij et al., 2004), their effects on EF deficits (EFDs) are more ambivalent and generally more modest.”
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“Actually there are indications for a negative impact on outcome measures of anxiety and depression (Tenenbaum et al 2002; Michelson et al 2003; Kooij et al 2004).”
InfluentialEthical Considerations in the Framing of the Cognitive Enhancement Debate
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“Shortacting stimulants, however, require multiple daily intakes, which may lead to non-adherence, stigma and embarrassment with medication intake, wearing off, and possible rebound [14,15].”
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Self-citationGoal Management Training in Adults With ADHD: An Intervention Study
de Braek, D. M. J. M. S.-I., Dijkstra, J. B., Ponds, R., & Jolles, J. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712468052 · Cited by 47
“In treatment studies in adult ADHD, a major focus has been pharmacological interventions (Adler, 2008; Kooij et al., 2004; Lerner & Wigal, 2008; Stein, 2008).”
BackgroundOptimal management of ADHD in older adults
Torgersen, T., Gjervan, B., Lensing, M. B., & Rasmussen, K. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s59271 · Cited by 42
Arnold, V. K., Feifel, D., Earl, C. Q., Yang, R., & Adler, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712441969 · Cited by 48
“Response rates in adults have ranged from 25% to 95%, with the higher rates generally being seen in more recent studies (Adler & Chua, 2002; Adler, Spencer, McGough, Jiang, & Muniz, 2009; Kooij et al., 2004; Wilens, Spencer, & Biederman, 2002).”
BackgroundCornforth, C., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Coghill, D. (2010) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161210791959827 · Cited by 41
Sex- and Subtype-Related Differences in the Comorbidity of Adult ADHDs
Groß-Lesch, S., Dempfle, A., Reichert, S., Jans, T., Geissler, J., Kittel-Schneider, S., Nguyen, T. T., Reif, A., Lesch, K.-P., & Jacob, C. P. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713510353 · Cited by 40
“…lifetime comorbidity of anxiety disorders (27%), which is described in most of the retrospective clinical studies (Biederman et al., 2004; Biederman et al., 1994; Kooij et al., 2004; Spencer et al., 2005) and the catchment studies NCS-R (Kessler et al., 2006) and NESARC (Bernardi et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialHaberstick, B. C., Timberlake, D. S., Hopfer, C. J., Lessem, J. M., Ehringer, M. A., & Hewitt, J. K. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001584 · Cited by 38
“Although originally based on children from clinical samples, this organization of ADHD symptoms has been shown to be feasible in adult samples from the general population (Kooij et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMethylphenidate for the Treatment of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurological Disorders
Auriel, E., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2008) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e318170576c · Cited by 40
Frölich, J., Banaschewski, T., Döpfner, M., & Görtz‐Dorten, A. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1517/17425255.2014.922542 · Cited by 40
“In adults, a similar positive response to MPH has been observed [79-81] with a similar safety profile [82].”
BackgroundMoncrieff, J., & Timimi, S. B. (2013) · Anthropology and Medicine · doi:10.1080/13648470.2012.747591 · Cited by 39
Neurobiological and psychophysiological correlates of emotional dysregulation in ADHD patients
Herrmann, M. J., Biehl, S. C., Jacob, C., & Deckert, J. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0047-6 · Cited by 42
“Retrospective studies consistently show that 35‐50% of all adult ADHD patients suffer from one or more depressive episodes during the assessed lifespan (Biederman et al. 2004; Kooij et al. 2004; Shekim et al. 1990; Spencer et al. 2005).”
BackgroundPredictors of treatment outcome in adults with ADHD treated with OROS® methylphenidate
Buitelaar, J. K., Kooij, J. J. S., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Dejonckheere, J., Casas, M., van Oene, J. C., Schäuble, B., & Trott, G.-E. (2010) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.016 · Cited by 39
“This finding is contrary to previous studies in adults with ADHD, which have not reported marked gender differences in the response to MPH treatment (Kooij et al. 2004; Spencer et al. 2005; Robinson et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationAge-Grouped Differences in Adverse Drug Events from Psychotropic Medication
Safer, D. (2011) · Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0152 · Cited by 36
“Adults on stimulants also often lose weight—but understandably not height (Paterson et al. 1999; Kooij et al. 2004).”
Amons, P. J. T., Kooij, J. J. S., Haffmans, P. M. J., Hoffman, T. O., & Hoencamp, E. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.11.017 · Cited by 36
Self-citationCardiovascular Effects of Medications for the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Elia, J., & Vetter, V. L. (2010) · Pediatric Drugs · doi:10.2165/11532570-000000000-00000 · Cited by 35
Toward Quality Care in ADHD: Defining the Goals of Treatment
Rostain, A., Jensen, P. S., Connor, D. F., Miesle, L. M., & Faraone, S. V. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712473835 · Cited by 33
“…2000; Kaplan et al., 2004; Kelsey et al., 2004; Kemner, Starr, Ciccone, Hooper- Wood, & Crockett, 2005; Kemner, Starr, Ciccone, & Lynch, 2004; J. J. Kooij et al., 2004; J. S. Kooij et al., 2008; Kowalik, Minami, & Silva, 2006; Kratochvil et al., 2001; Kratochvil et al., 2005; Kratochvil et…”
Faraone, S. V. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710379738 · Cited by 32
Lensing, M. B., Zeiner, P., Sandvik, L., & Opjordsmoen, S. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.12m07714 · Cited by 32
Upadhyaya, H., Ramos-Quiroga, J., Adler, L., Williams, D. R., Tanaka, Y., Lane, J. R., Escobar, R., Trzepacz, P., Camporeale, A., & Allen, A. (2013) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632013000300004 · Cited by 28
The adult psychiatrist's dilemma: psychostimulant use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Ashton, H., Gallagher, P., & Moore, B. (2006) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881106061710 · Cited by 31
“Other controlled trials have shown that methylphenidate, dexamfetamine and mixed amphetamine salts are effective in over 50% of patients (Wender et al., 2001; Wilens, 2003; Kooij et al., 2004; Wilens et al., 2004) especially when used in ‘robust’ dosage (Spencer et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSlaats-Willemse, D. I. E., Swaab, H., de Sonneville, L. M. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.6.751 · Cited by 30
Self-citationCasas, M., Rösler, M., Sandra Kooij, J. J., Ginsberg, Y., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Heger, S., Berwaerts, J., Dejonckheere, J., van der Vorst, E., & Schäuble, B. (2013) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.600333 · Cited by 38
“In short-term ( 7-week) clinical trials, methylphenidate (MPH) is an effective treatment for adults with ADHD (Bouffard et al. 2003; Kooij et al. 2004; Spencer et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAdrenergic α2A receptor gene is not associated with methylphenidate response in adults with ADHD
Contini, V., Victor, M. M., de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Polina, E. R., Grevet, E. H., Salgado, C. A. I., Karam, R. G., Vitola, E. S., Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. S., & Bau, C. H. D. (2010) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0172-4 · Cited by 28
“However, many patients still do not show an appropriate clinical response to the MPH treatment [29, 51, 52].”
BackgroundGoossensen, M. A., van de Glind, G., Carpentier, P.-J., Wijsen, R. M. A., van Duin, D., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2006) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.12.004 · Cited by 26
Self-citationThe severity of ADHD and eating disorder symptoms: a correlational study
Stulz, N., Hepp, U., Gächter, C., Martin-Söelch, C., Spindler, A. M., & Milos, G. F. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-44 · Cited by 26
Carpentier, P. J., Knapen, L. J. M., van Gogh, M. T., Buitelaar, J. K., & de Jong, C. A. J. (2012) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2011.642756 · Cited by 26
Self-citationDeveloping Public Health Approaches to Cognitive Enhancement: An Analysis of Current Reports
Outram, S. M., & Racine, É. (2011) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/phr006 · Cited by 25
Changes in behavior as side effects in methylphenidate treatment: review of the literature
Konrad-Bindl, D. S., Gresser, U., & Richartz, B. M. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s114185 · Cited by 24
“59,63,64 Eight studies did not set out to study behavioral effects, but recorded and discussed them.(16,32,45,46,48,50,52,61) A total of 28 studies recorded behavioral effects, but failed to discuss these further.”
Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults
Cândido, R. C. F., de Padua, C. A. M., Golder, S., & Junqueira, D. R. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013011.pub2 · Cited by 35
“Three trials reported having been conducted in Europe (Carpentier 2005; Kooij 2004; Schrantee 2016) and one in Argentina (Dorrego 2002); the remaining studies did not report the location where they were conducted.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialChallis (2009) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s6873 · Cited by 23
Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults
Cândido, R. C. F., Menezes de Padua, C. A., Golder, S., & Junqueira, D. R. (2021) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 20
Drug Class Review on Pharmacologic Treatments for ADHD
McDonagh, M. S., Peterson, K., & Thakurta, S. (2005) · Cited by 21
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the course of life
Trott, G. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-1003-5 · Cited by 20
Victor, M. M., Grevet, E. H., Salgado, C. A. I., Silva, K. L., Sousa, N. O., Karam, R. G., Vitola, E. S., Picon, F. A., Zeni, G. D., Contini, V., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181c00b1e · Cited by 20
Ginsberg, Y., Arngrim, T., Philipsen, A., Gandhi, P., Chen, C.-W., Kumar, V., & Huss, M. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0180-4 · Cited by 20
van Andel, E., Bijlenga, D., Vogel, S. W. N., Beekman, A. T. F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2022) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304221124659 · Cited by 23
Self-citationde Braek, D. M. J. M. S.-I., Dijkstra, J. B., & Jolles, J. (2011) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09084282.2011.570614 · Cited by 18
“This finding is especially interesting because the present study used modified thresholds (five criteria in adulthood instead of six) as was suggested by several authors (Barkley, 1998; Kooij et al., 2004).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- KOOIJ, J. J. S., BURGER, H., BOONSTRA, A. M., VAN DER LINDEN, P. D., KALMA, L. E., & BUITELAAR, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 973-982
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2093719531
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Hersenstichting
- Nationaal Fonds Geestelijke Volksgezondheid
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- methylphenidate, adult ADHD, ADHD medication, dose titration, treatment efficacy, drug safety, adverse effects, childhood-onset ADHD, outpatients
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Middle Aged, Placebos, Treatment Outcome, Cross-Over Studies
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